Bio 110 Lab exam 1

Lecia Microscope Viewing

hundredths of a millimeter to one centimeter

Nikon Microscope Viewing

1/10 of micrometer to a few millimeters

magnification

making things bigger

resolution

distinguish two objects that are close together

contrast

when parts of an object absorb different amounts of light

bacillus

one pointer width at 400x

amoeba

5 pointer widths at 100x

embryo

one viewfield at 40x

total magnification vs apparent width of pointer

inverse relationship (higher mag = smaller “width”)

if a lymphocyte appears as 1mm under a microscope, what is the mag?

about 100x

if one single object is seen, how would you see if it is actually one or two

magnification

What influences protein migration in an electric field?

net electrical chargeI

If a protein is positivley charged, where will it move?

towards negative electrode

If a protein is negatively charged, where will it move?

towards positive electrode

What R-groups are responsible for this

aspartic acid and lysine

What does aspartic and glutamic have in their R-groups

COOH

What does lysine and arginine have in their R-groups?

NH2

What group does histisine have?

imino group

How does an imino group act?

similar to an amino group

What happens to aspartic acid and glutamic acid when they are at a high pH?

they lose protons and have a negative charge (COOH —> COO-)

What happens to lysine and arginine when they are at a high pH?

They lose protons and lose their charge (NH3+ —> NH2)

Why can different proteins have different net charges?

the amino acid compositions of the proteins are different

What is the isoelectric point of a protien?

environmental pH where the protien has no charge and will not migrate

If the pH of a solution is lower than the isoelectric point…

net + charge and move towards the - electrode

If the pH of a solution is higher than the isoelectric point…

net - charge and move towards the + electrode

What differs between pro and eukaryotes?

Pro do not have enclosed genetic material like eu

Differences in habitats between bacteria and archaea?

archaea are in hostile environments, bacteria in less strenuous environments

Cocci shape of bacteria

spherical

Spirilla shape of bacteria

helical

Bacilli shape of bacteria

rod-shaped

Autotrophic

make their own nutrients

heterotrophic

nourished by nutrients in their surrounds

Cyanobacteria

major group of photosynthetic bacteria

Domain Archaea

harsh habitats

Domain bacteria

peptidoglycan cell wall

alveolata

alveoli

alveoli

plasmodium (apicomplexan) Paramecium(ciliate) Peridinium (dinoflagellate)

Plasmodium (apicomplexan)

apical complex

Paramecium (ciliate)

cilia for movement

Peridinium (dinoflagellate)

chlorophyll a and c

Stramenopiles

fine hairs on flagella

Brown Algae (sargassum and fucus)

multicellular with fine hairs on flagella

Diatoms

silica shell in two parts with fine hairs on flagella

Rhizaria

slender pseudopods (Radiolaria)

Radiolaria

silica shell perforated with holes

Excavata

modified mitochondria

Trypansosome (euglenozoan)

kinetoplast with modified mitochondria

Giardia (diplomonad)

two nuclei with modified mitochondria

Amoebozoa

blunt pseudopods (Amoeba proteus)

Amoeba proteus

flexible pseudopods

Fungi

chitin cell walls

Rhizopus (Zygomycota)

reproduction by fusing hyphaeS

Saccharomyces (ascomycota)

reproduction by way of asci

Club mushroom (basidiomycota)

reproduction by way of basidia

inverse relationship

How do you measure red blood cell membrane permeability?

ethanol??? the other two??

inverse relationship

inverse relationship, line at water control

Net Electrical charge versus membrane permeability

Charged particles cannot cross the membrance

CH/OH ratio of methanol

1:1

CH/OH ratio of 1-propoanol

3:1

CH/OH ratio of butanol

4:1

CH/OH ratio of pentanol

5:1

CH/OH ratio of 1 propanol

3:1

CH/OH ratio of 1, 2 propanediol

3:2

CH/OH ratio of 1, 2, 3 propanetriol

3:3

Permiability increases when…

molecular weight increases for series 4

CH/OH ratio is directly related to…

lipid solubility

More lipid soluble =

more permeable

Does concentration of pigment affect position of wavelength peaks?

No

Does concentration of pigment alter the absorbance of peaks?

Yes, diluted pigments decrease the amplitude of the peaks (height)

Concentration of pigment and relationship to height of peaks

direct relationship

How can you identify a substance based on a wavelength and absorbance chart?

by looking at the peak because they are unique for each substance

What would happen in photosynthesis if the chlorophyll molecule was transparent to light?

it would absorb no light and not be useful at all in photosynthesis

What significance does the color green have in chlorophyll?

it reflects green light but absorbs blue and red light.

What is the equation for energy?

2×10^-16 / wavelength

How do you find the photons captured energy?

3.2 × 10^-19/ E = %