final bio exam senior

What is the overall equation for photosynthesis?

6CO2 + 6H2O + Light Energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2

Where does photosynthesis occur in plant cells?

In the chloroplasts.

What are the two main stages of photosynthesis?

1. Light Reactions 2. Calvin Cycle

What is produced during the light reactions of photosynthesis?

ATP and NADPH.

What is the role of RuBisCO in the Calvin Cycle?

It attaches CO2 to RuBP during carbon fixation.

What distinguishes C4 plants from other plants?

They minimize photorespiration by incorporating CO2 into four-carbon compounds.

Define paracrine signaling.

Signaling molecules secreted by a cell affect nearby target cells.

What are the three stages of cell signaling?

1. Reception 2. Transduction 3. Response

What happens in prophase I of meiosis?

Chromosomes condense, homologous chromosomes pair up (synapsis), and crossing over occurs.

What is the Law of Segregation?

The two alleles for a heritable character segregate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes.

What does the central dogma of molecular biology state?

DNA → RNA → Protein.

What enzyme synthesizes RNA during transcription?

RNA polymerase.

What is alternative RNA splicing?

Different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which segments are treated as exons.

What is the difference between a point mutation and a frameshift mutation?

Point mutation changes a single nucleotide, while frameshift mutation adds or deletes nucleotides, altering the reading frame.

What are oncogenes?

Cancer-causing genes that can lead to uncontrolled cell division.