unit 3 pt 1

What is classical conditioning?

A type of associative learning where a neutral stimulus provokes a learned response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

Who was the first researcher to develop classical conditioning?

Ivan Pavlov

What is the neutral stimulus (NS) in classical conditioning?

A stimulus that initially does not trigger a response.

What is the unconditioned stimulus (US)?

A stimulus that automatically triggers a reflexive response.

What is the unconditioned response (UR)?

A reflexive action that occurs in response to the unconditioned stimulus.

What is the conditioned stimulus (CS)?

A previously neutral stimulus that, after conditioning, triggers a conditioned response.

What is the conditioned response (CR)?

A learned response to the conditioned stimulus.

What is stimulus generalization?

When a conditioned response is provoked by stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus.

What is stimulus discrimination?

When a conditioned response is only provoked by one specific stimulus and not by similar stimuli.

What is higher-order conditioning?

When a conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a new conditioned response.

What happens during extinction in classical conditioning?

The conditioned response fades when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus.

What is spontaneous recovery?

The reappearance of a weakened conditioned response after a pause.

What type of behaviors does classical conditioning involve?

Automatic, involuntary behaviors such as emotions and reflexes.

What was the main finding of Pavlov's experiment with dogs?

Dogs could be conditioned to salivate in response to a sound when paired with food.

What is an example of classical conditioning in everyday life?

Feeling anxious when seeing desks in rows due to past experiences with tests.

What did John Watson contribute to classical conditioning?

He founded the behaviorist approach and emphasized the scientific study of observable behavior.

What is the psychological definition of learning?

A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.

What is the role of the unconditioned stimulus in classical conditioning?

It is necessary to provoke an automatic reaction for conditioning to occur.

What is an example of higher-order conditioning?

A child who fears dogs may also fear the sound of a dog barking.

What is the significance of Pavlov's findings for psychology?

They established a foundation for understanding behavior through conditioning.

What is the difference between voluntary and involuntary behaviors in classical conditioning?

Classical conditioning involves involuntary behaviors, while operant conditioning involves voluntary behaviors.

What is the formula for classical conditioning according to Pavlov?

Neutral Stimulus (NS) + Unconditioned Stimulus (US) → Unconditioned Response (UR).

What is an example of a neutral stimulus in a classical conditioning scenario?

Desks arranged in rows before a quiz.

What might cause a conditioned response to fade?

Repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus.

How does classical conditioning explain emotional reactions?

Most emotional reactions are learned through the process of classical conditioning.

What was Watson's Little Albert study about?

It demonstrated that emotional reactions can be conditioned in humans.

What is an example of an unconditioned response?

Crying in response to a loud noise.

How does classical conditioning relate to everyday experiences?

It explains why certain stimuli can evoke strong emotional responses based on past experiences.