2 hour anat

Anatomy 

• Study of the structure of the body and how the parts relate to one another. 

Phys 

• The study of how the body works 

Gross anatomy 

• Without a microscope. Regionally - all structures in a specific area 

Systemic

• study one organ system at a time 

Surface anatomy

all visible structures from the outside 

microscopic anat

need a microscope 

Cytology

• study of cells 

Histology 

• study of tissues 

Chemical

• atom and molecule

Cellular

• basic unit of living things 

Tissue

• smaller groups of similar cells working together 

Organ level

• Two or more tissues working together, the heart 

organ system

• multiple organs working together, cardiovascular system 

Organism

• entire human body 

How many organ systems 

• 11: Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic/immune, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive 

Sagittal

• left to right 

Coronal

• anterior and posterior 

Transverse

• inferior and posterior 

Oblique

• cuts at an angle 

Axial

• head neck trunk 

Appendicular

limbs

Cephalic

• head 

Cervical

• neck 

Thoracic

• chest

Abdominal

• abdomen

Brachial

• arm

Anterbracheal

• forearm

Carpal

• wrist

Manual

• hand 

Femoral

• thigh 

Crural

• leg

Tarsal 

• ankle 

Pedal

foot

Dorsal

cranial and vertebral

Ventral

• thoracic and abdominal 

Thoracic

• heart and lungs: pleural (lung), mediastinum (central), pericardial (heart) 

Vertical 

• cover organ 

synovial

• contain fluid, reduce friction 

Plasma membrane

• Separates the cell from the environment, controls what enters the cell, helps maintain homeostasis, cell communication, Made of a phospholipid bilayer: hydrophilic head, Hydrophobic tail. pro/carb/chlolest

Semi permeable 

• Allows some substances to cross more easily than others 

Passive transport 

• Does not require energy ( simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis ) 

Active transport

• Requires energy ATP ( high to low concentration, requires membrane protein ) 

Osmosis

•  Moves water across a selectively permeable bilayer 

Active transport

• Low to high, sodium-potassium pump 

Cytoplasm

• Everything in the cell but the nucleus 

Cytosol

water/gel, Fluid portion of the cytoplasm 

Inclusions

• Nonliving materials in the cell ( stored nutrients, pigment, lipid ) 

Membrane bound

• having surrounding membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes 

Nonmembrane bound

• do not have their own membrane; ribosomes, cytoskeleton, centrioles

Nucleus

• Stores DNA, controls cell activities 

Nucleoles

• makes ribosome components 

Ribosomes

make proteins

Rough ER

make transport proteins 

Smooth er

• lipid synthesis, detoxification

Goldi apparatus

modifies, sorts, packages proteins 

Kysomes

• digest cellular materials 

Peroximoles

• break down fatty acids and detoxify substances 

Mitochonida

• produce atp

Centrosome

• organize microtubules

Centrioles

• help organize cell division 

Cytoskeliton

• provide structure and movement 

Cilia

• move substances across cell surface 

Flagellum

• move cell 

Ribosme

• protein factory, mitochondria, ATP production, Golgi, packing and shipping 

Role of nucleus in cell 

• Stores DNA, controls gene expression, different cellular activities, controls chromosomes 

Dna

• molecule containing genetic info

Gene

• segment of DNA that contains instructions for a functional product 

Chromatin 

• DNA and protein in loose form 

Chromosome

• Highly condensed chromatin 

Interphase

•  g1, s, g2 

Mitotic phase

• mitosis, cytokinesis

G1

• cell growth and performs normal functions 

S

synthesis, DNA is replicated 

G2

• cell prepares for division 

Mitosis 

• separates duplicated chromosomes PMAT 

Prophase

• chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope breaks down, spindle forms 

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle

Anaphase

• sister chromatids separate 

Telophase

• new nuclei form 

Cytokinesis

• Cytoplasm divides, two daughter cells 

Tissue

• a group of similar cells that work together to perform a common function

What are the four types of tissues

• Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous 

Epithelial

• protection, absorption, filtration, secretion, excretion, sensation 

• Cells are tightly packed, little extracellular matrix, apical and basal surface, attached to basement membrane, avascular 

Simple

• one layer

Stratified

• many layers 

Squamous

• flat

Cuboidal

• Cylindrical shapes, columnar 

Endocrine gland

Release hormone into bloodstream 

Exocrine gland

• Release secretions through ducts: sweat and saliva 

Connective tissue

• Support, protect, bind, store, transport 

CT and extracellular matrix

• Ground substance and protein fibers 

How is connective tissue classified

• Loose or dense, Cartilage and bone, Blood 

Loose connective tissue types

• areolar, adipose, reticular 

Areolar

• wrap cushion

Adipose

• store energy and provide insulation 

Reticular

net like, form supportive framework for organs 

Dense regular

• parallel collagen fibers, tendons and ligaments 

Dense irregular

• thick collogen, fibrblast, ground substance, arrnage in many dirrections

Elastic dense

contains many elastic fibers, stretch and return to shape