basic principles of kinesiology/motor control/Dynamic Analysis

movement system

the anatomic structures and physiologic functions that interact to move the body

nervous, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, endocrine, pulmonary, integumentrary

what structures/systems make up the movement system

the person, the task, and the environent

what factors are involved in purposeful movement

structure, biomechanics, physiology

what are the factors of kinesiology

muscle activation patterns, task specific, motor learning

what are the factors of motor control

a change in position or place caused by 1 or more forces without respect to time

movement is...

biomechanics

the analysis of forces acting on the musculoskeletal system and the effects produced by these forces

kinematics and kinetics

what are the subcategories of biomehanics

description of motion without regard for the forces

what is kinematics

the study of motion that considers forces

what is kinetics

translatory and rotatory

what are the types of motion

linear movement of an object where all parts move in one direction

what is translatory motion

movement in a circular path around a fixed axis

what is rotary motion

rectilinear and curvilinear

what are the ways in which translatory motion occur

all parts moving in a straight path

what is rectilinear translatory motion

motion that occurs on a curved path

what is curvilinear translatory motion

left and right halves

sagittal plane divides the body into...

front and back

frontal plane divides the body into...

upper and lower halves

transverse plane divides body into...

flexion/extension, DF/PF, forward and backward bending

what types of motion are within the saggital plane

abduction/adduction, radial/ulnar deviation, inversion/eversion, lateral bending

what types of motions are in the frontal plane

rotational movements

what types of motions are in the horizontal plane

anterior-posterior, medial lateral, vertical

what are the three axises that that motion can occur around

it shifts

what happens to the joint axis as it goes through ROM

stimulus generator, stimulus carrier, muscle, joint

what are the requirements for human motion?

stability and mobility

what are the functions of a joint?

synarthrosis and diarthrosis

what are the categories of joints (2)

fibrous and cartilaginous

what are the two types of synarthrosis joints

uniaxial, biaxial, triaxial

what are the 3 types of diarthrosis joints

fibrous, synarthrosis joint, they are immobile

what type of joint is composed of fibrous tissue that holds the ends of 2 bones together, what is its level of mobility?

Syndesmosis: bones held together by a membrane or ligament

synostosis: bones are joined by bone

what are the subcategories of fibrous joints and what are they?

cartilaginous synarthrosis joint, slightly mobile

in this type of joint bones are held together by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage, what is its mobility

symphysis: fibrocartilage disc between them

synchondrosis: bones connected by hyaline cartilage

what are the categories of cartilaginous joints, what are they

pubic symphysis and intervertebral disc

what is an example of a cartilaginous symphysis

1st sternocostal joint

what is an example of a cartilaginous synchondrosis

freely moveable

what is the mobility status of a synovial joint?

Joint capsule

synovial lining

joint cavity

synovial fluid

bones covered by hyaline cartilage

blood vessel

nerve

what are the characteristics of all synovial joints

intra-articular disc/meniscus

peripheral labrum

fat pads

synovial plica

what are the characteristics that only SOME synovial joints have

increase surface area for articulation

what is the purpose of synovial plica

knee

which joint has a lot of plica?

dense, irregular CT with high collagen content

what is the characteristics of the external layer of the joint capsule in a synovial joint

synovial membrane, barrier to vessels, provides hyaluronate

what are the characteristics of the inner layer of the joint capsule

uniaxial synovial joints

joints that perform hinge, pivot, gliding movements are examples of...

biaxial synovial joints

joints that perform condyloid and saddle movements are examples of...

triaxial synovial joints

joints that have a ball and socket are examples of...

ovoid: surface is ALL concave or convex

sellar: concave in one direction and convex in another

in what ways can synovial joints be classified by surface shape? what do they mean

osteokinematic motion

the actual motion of the bony segment that can be described as OKC and CKC, shoulder flexion, etc can be described as

Arthrokinematic motion

motion that occurs at the joint surfaces is called

spin, roll, glide

what are the types of arthrokinematic motion

all points of the spinning segment contact a single point on the fixed

in a spinning arthrokinematic motion, describe the points of contact between the fixed and the spinning segment

all points of the rolling segment contact many points on the fixed

in a rolling arthrokinematic motion, describe the points of contact between the fixed and the rolling segment

a single point on the gliding segment contacts many points on the fixed segment

in a gliding arthrokinematic motion, describe the points of contact between the fixed and the gliding segment

combines

normal motion _________________ the forms of arthrokinematic motion

convexity and concavity of the structures

arthrokinematic rolls and glides can be predicted based on...

same

motion

rolling occurs in the ________________ direction as bony segment ___________________

the roll is in the direction of the bone motion

the glide is in the opposite direction

when a convex surface moves on a fixed concave surface, what direction are the roll and glide

the roll and glide will be in the direction of the bone movement

when a concave surface moves on a fixed convex surface, what is the direction of the roll and glide?

bone shape, ligaments and joint capsule, muscles and tendons, soft tissues

what things effect the amount of motion available at a joint?

loose packed position

when joint surfaces are free to move and surrounds soft tissue is slack, what position is the joint in

close packed position

when the joint surface is maximally congruent and the surrounding soft tissue is taut, what position is the joint in

extended

what position is the MCP joint in to be in closed pack position

an object will remain at rest or in motion unless acted on by a force

what is the law of inertia

the amount of force needed to change the state of an object

what is inertia

it changes

what happens to the COG with movement

change in position of an object

what is the discplacement

the rate of change in displacement

what is the velocity

the rate of change in velocity

what is acceleration

qualitative

graphical realtionships between displacement, velocity, and acceleration represent what kind of relationship?

displacement-time graph

velocity-time graph can be derived from

velocity-time graph

acceleration-time graph can be derived from

the beginning and end

when the displacement is at its maximum/minimum points

when it is straight/horizontal

when deriving a velocity-time graph, at what points of the displacement graph will the velocity graph be at 0

above the X axis

when deriving a velocity-time graph, if the displacement graph has a positive slope, what does the velocity graph look like in that area?

below the X axis

when deriving a velocity-time graph, if the displacement graph has a negative slop, what does the velocity graph look like in that area?

the beginning and end

at the minimum and maximum velocity

when the curve is a straight/horizontal line

when deriving an acceleration graph, at what points on the velocity graph will the acceleration be 0

above the x-axis

when deriving an acceleration-time graph, if the velocity graph has a positive slope, what does the acceleration graph look like in that area?

below the x axis

when deriving an acceleration-time graph, if the velocity graph has a negative slope, what does the acceleration graph look like in that area?

0

during static analysis, both force and torque will be

moment of inertia *angular acceleration

the sum of the torques produced by the muscle + the sum of the torques of the load=

propulsion

if angular velocity and angular acceleration are in the same direction, what is the action occurring

braking

if angular velocity and angular acceleration are in opposite directions what action is occuring

concentric

if velocity and the torque of muscle is in the same direction, what type of contraction occurs

eccentric

if velocity and torque of the muscle are in opposite directions what type of contraction occurs

the agonist-antagonist muscle activity associated with movement in one direction

what is triphasic muscle activity

initial agonist burst

antagonist burst

2nd agonist burst

what is the sequence of triphasic muscle activity

accelerate the segment toward the target (action burst)

what is the purpose of the initial agonist burst in triphasic muscle activity

slow down the segment as it approaches the target (Braking burst)

what is the purpose of the antagonistic burst

fixes the segment in the target position (clamping burst)

what is the purpose of the second agonist activation