ant 102 ch. 9, 11, + 12

kinship

the system of meaning and power created to determine who is related to whom and to define mutual expectations, rights, and responsibilities

nuclear family

the kinship unit of mother, father, and children

descent groups

a kinship group in which primary relationships are traced through blood relatives (aka consanguineal): one way to construct a kinship group, not common in places other than europe and NA

two types of descent groups

lineages and clans

lineage

traces genealogical connections through generations, narrowing it down to founding ancestors

clan

lacks genealogical evidence/documents, but still claims founding ancestors

types of lineages/clans

matrilineal/patrilineal (female/male ancestors), unilineal (either/or), ambilineal/bilateral (both)

patrilineal descent groups

a kinship group in which membership passes to the next generation from father to son

affinal relationships

a kinship relationship established through marriage/alliance: not biological

marriage

a socially recognized relationship that may involve (emotional/sexual) intimacy and legal rights to property/inheritance

companionate marriage

marriage built on love/intimacy/personal choice

polygyny

marriage between one man and 2+ women

polyandry

marriage between one woman and 2+ men

monogamy

relationship between only 2 partners

incest taboo

cultural rules that forbid sexual relations with close relatives

why might incest taboos have been created?

fear of inbreeding, general sexual disinterest when raising children as siblings, sigmund freud theories, and a horror of incest based on evolutionary instincts

exogamy

marriage to someone outside of the group

endogamy

marriage to someone inside of the group

kindred exogamy

avoiding blood relatives, but marrying within other groups (ex: race, class, religion)

bridewealth

the gift of goods/money from the groom’s family to the bride’s family

dowry

the gift of goods/money from the bride’s family to the groom’s family

fictive kin

people who provide mutual support to one another (ex: taking care of children)

carol stack

anthropologist who focused on the idea of fictive kin within the Flats; area of chicago

family of orientation

the family group in which one is born, grows up, and develops life skills

family of procreation

the family group created when one reproduces and one raises them

residence patterns

where a married couple will live—in terms of proximity to family

types of residence patterns

matrilocal/patrilocal (wife’s/husband’s parents), bilocal (between both), neolocal (away from both)

cultural universal

behavior/practice that exists in some form across most cultures

serial monogamy

remarrying, but always having one partner

anthropocene

a distinct era/geological period in which human activity is reshaping the planet in permanent ways

multispecies ethnography

research that considers the interactions of all species living on the planet in order to provide a “more than human” perspective

gentrification

urban renewal, typically supported by government policies, that effectively replaces low-income residents (often POC) with wealthier newcomers

ecotourism

tours of remote natural environments designed to support local communities and conservation efforts

peasant

a woman/man who relies on their own labor, family labor, and/or other labor collectives to produce food/agricultural products

settler colonialism

displacement and pacification of indigenous people and modification of the rights of their land and resources

horticulture

human-powered farming

transhumance

movement between 2 areas depending on a season

how can politics affect kinship groups?

it can shape them by disturbing efforts to construct them

how does globalization affect affinal relationships worldwide?

makes companionate marriages and divorces much more common due to rise in economic opportunities for women + questioning of gender roles

can kinship be a source of power?

yes! ex: local families have pushed away and silenced returning abductees in West Punjab because of their experiences (bringing shame on their families, despite the state’s attempt to welcome them)

how is the idea of kinship reconstructed in regards to alternative conception methods?

alt. methods leads to questioning of whether or not citizenship and membership into kinship groups should be automatic (not DNA of intended birth mother/father, etc.)

when did the idea of the nuclear family become prominent and who participated in it?

mid 20th century, followed by white middle class

how does globalization change existing traditional kinship patterns/norms?

people migrate more often, leaving the role of caretakers open—ex: ghanian kinship groups depend on the adults within the family to take care of the elders; now must resort to new rise in senior caretaking infrastructure

katerina teaiwa

anthropologist who studied the relocation of the people residing on Banaba and the complete destruction of their land due to high demand for phosphate —> used for global farming systems

laura ogden

anthropologist that studied florida’s everglades: found that “gladesmen” (men who found work hunting crocodiles to then sell” became a part of the ecosystem + that humans have been altering the area for years

natural events vs natural disasters

weather phenomena, such as hurricanes, tornadoes, etc: natural disasters are natural events that become catastrophic due to social factors (location, vulnerability, gov. preparedness…)

how does environmental change affect society, physiologically and mentally?

ex: martinicans exposed to pesticides, which affected their reproductive/hormonal health—also created rumors that men were being feminized and that intersex births were becoming more common

pros/cons of ecotourism

great source of income that can be used to conserve nature and fund prospects, but upholds an outdated and primitive picture of groups of people

can economic growth go hand in hand with the conservation of the natural world?

no! the economy thrives off of nature’s exploitation: in order to practice sustainability, we must go through a complete cultural shift

economy

a cultural adaptation to the environment: a set of ideas, activities, and technologies that allows a group of humans to use land and resources to satisfy their needs, and possibly, thrive

economic system

a pattern of relations and institutions that humans construct to help collectively meet the needs of the community

core ideas of an economy

production, distribution, and consumption

kinds of production

food foraging, pastoralism, horticulture, and agriculture

food foragers

humans that survive off of hunting, fishing, and gathering plants—mostly indigenous groups still practice this

pastoralism

the domestication and herding of animals for food production

horticulture

the cultivation of plants for subsistence through nonintensive use of land/labor

agriculture

an intensive strategy for food production involving permanently dedicated land to create a surplus—introduces modern techniques like irrigation, machinery, etc.

industrial agriculture

intensive farming involving the mechanization and mass production of food products done by corporations

types of economic exchange

reciprocity, redistribution, and market exchange

reciprocity

the exchange of resources, goods, and services among people of equal status to reinforce social ties—exists in all cultures

types of reciprocity

general, balanced, and negative

general reciprocity

casual; items/timing/quantity is not calculated and reciprocation is not expected right away OR materialistic (ex: taking a friend to the airport)

balanced reciprocity

obligatory; must reciprocate equally to maintain social relationships, otherwise you risk shame (ex: birthday presents)

negative reciprocity

parties seek to receive more than they give, wishing to fulfill their own personal desires at the risk of others (ex: scams)

redistribution

accumulated wealth is collected from the members of a group and given back in a different pattern (ex: social security) —> requires a central authority

leveling mechanisms

practices/organizations that spread resources out equally within the group

colonialism

the practice by which states extend power beyond their own borders over an extended period of time to secure access to materials, labor, and markets in other regions

triangle trade

exchange of slaves, sugar, cotton, and fur between Europe, Africa, and the Americas that transformed economic/political/social life

industrial revolution

18th/19th century shift from agriculture and artisans to manufacturing

modernization theories

economic theories that predicted that the end of colonialism would mean less developed countries would follow the same trajectory toward modernization

development

strategy of wealthy nations to encourage economic growth, alleviate poverty, and raise living standards through investment in national economies of former colonies

dependency theory

a critique of modernization theory arguing that even though colonialism has ended, the underlying economic relations of the modern global economic system had not changed

neocolonialism

a continued pattern of unequal economic relations between former colonial states and former colonies

underdevelopment

poor countries are poor as a result of their relationship to an unbalanced global economic system

core countries

industrialized former colonial states that dominate the global economic system

periphery countries

the least developed/powerful—often exploited by core countries as sources of raw materials, cheap labor, and markets

semiperiphery countries

containing some attributes of both core and periphery countries, has less of a central role in economy

who created the concept of core/periphery countries?

immanuel wallerstein

fordism

the dominant model of industrial production for the majority of the 20th century: higher wages and shorter work days to encourage cooperation among corporations, labor, and government and allow consumers to be able to spend more

what role does flexible accumulation play in regards to fordism?

replaced it in the 1970s due to new developing economies, a global recession, and an oil crisis

adam smith

economist who believes that profits would be maximized by free trade and free markets

john maynard keynes

economist who created Keynesian economics/philosophy: government should have a role in moderating capitalism and ensuring the well-being of citizens

neoliberalism

an economic/political worldview, inspired by adam smith, that sees the free market as the main mechanism for ensuring economic growth: government has only a small role

characteristics of neoliberalism

reducing taxes/tariffs, no government intervention, privatization of public assets, reducing government spending on health/education

cryptocurrency

decentralized digital/virtual currencies secured through encryption

cons of cryptocurrency

fluctuates in value, possibility of security breaches, negatively impacts environment, and enables crime

sibel kusimba

anthropologist who studied Kenyan economy and its reliance on digital money—shows how centralized cryptocurrency can be used and implemented + how it can uphold cultural ideas

commodity

a good that can be bought, sold, or exchanged in a market

commodity chains

the lands an item passes through between producer and consumer, leading to local and global communities being more connected now more than ever

anna tsing

anthropologist that coined the term “friction” while studying the destruction of rainforests in Indonesia—the Indonesian government and global corporations sought land, while Indonesians resisted attempts and found help in other countries

friction

unequal encounters between local and global markets

tariff

an added cost to commodities coming into a country

why is money so important in a global economy?

media of exchange (takes away complexities of bartering), standard of value (allows people to see value of an item compared to others), store of value (money always holds value), and symbolic significance (able to assume things based off of money)

how did we get to industrial agriculture being the primary form of food production nowadays?

increased food production (through nonindustrial agriculture) led to more towns and cities, opening up the market to even more production

what are the impacts of industrial agriculture?

risks health of consumers/farmers (pesticides, animal antibiotics) and decreases # of smaller farms, leading to migration into urban areas

what modern developments might affect food production?

climate change can make it unpredictable and population growth can strain it

who dominated global trade back then?

asia and africa: europe made a name for themselves by destroying and plundering american indigenous groups for silver/gold in order to give to china

why is it that so many former colonies declared independence after WWII?

colonial countries went through the war and faced major losses after (financial, structural)

algeria’s fight for independence

pro-independent guerrillas attempted to forced french troops out: when that didn’t work, they attacked french settlements, which led to campaigns of torture and violence by french to guerrilla leaders

if not searching for labor in major cities, what do corporations establish in them?

global headquarters, as larger cities have the necessary infrastructure and resources to sustain them (“global cities”)