BIO 1610 Exam 2

Cell Theory

All life is made of cells and all cells come from preexisting cells

Spontaneous Generation

Life originates from non-living materials - False

All cells have…

DNA, Ribosomes, Cell Membrane

Ribosomes

Produce proteins

Prokaryotes…

Have cell walls, no nucleus and are single-celled

The Structure of Prokaryotes include…

Nucleoid, Capsule, Flagellum

The Nucleoid houses

DNA

What is the capsule?

Sticky outer region made of proteins + carbs that protect the cell

What is the flagellum?

Tail used for movement

Eukaryotic Cells

Have Nucleus, Mitochondria and Peroxisomes

Inside the Nucleus is…

Chromatin, Nucleolus, Chromosomes

Chromatin

DNA has no distinct shape, is unwound and is not present during mitosis

Nucleolus

Dark region in nucleus and DNA (condensed) activity takes place

Chromosomes

Condensed DNA and present during mitosis

The Mitochondria is…

The powerhouse of the cell

Mitochondria converts…

Chemical energy into ATP

There are two membranes in the mitochondria

Inner + Outer
Fold of inner membrane are cristae

Inside is the matrix which is a jelly fluid

Peroxisomes…

Contains enzymes that break down fatty + amino acids

Catalase

Enzyme because it ends in “ase”

Peroxisomes break down

Hydrogen peroxide into oxygen + water to keep our bodies safe

Two Organelles…

Vesicle + Vacuole

Vesicles…

Fuse with cell membrane - small - storage and transport

Vacuoles…

Can’t fuse with cell membrane - large - storage and transport

Endomembrane System

Group of cells connected by vesicles

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Flattened sacs and tubules

Smooth ER

Has no ribosomes
Function depends on what cell
Makes macromolecules

Can make calcium ions

Muscle

Get rid of poisons

Liver

Rough ER

Has ribosomes
Modifies + processes proteins

Golgi Apparatus

Shipping + processing

Lysosomes

Enzyme that hydrolyze reactions

Centrosome

There for structural support using microtubules

Large Central Vacuole

90-99% of plant cell’s internal volume

Stores water

Stores pigments

Stores poisons

Turgor Pressure

Plants stand tall because the large vacuole presses on cell walls making it rigid

Cytoskeleton

Structure, Support, Movement

Microfilaments

Major contractile components of muscle cells

Microtubules

Play a role in cell structure, organization, mitosis and movement

Intermediate Filaments

Cytoskeleton filament structure of the cell

Cell Junctions

Cell to cell communication

Tight Junction

Creates water tight barrier (skin)

Desmosome

Allows stretch + recoil - strongest

Gap Junction

Makes a channel between cells

Plasmodesmata

Makes a channel in plant cells

Proteins in Phospholipid Bilayer

Integral, Surface and Peripheral

Integral Proteins

Goes through the entire membrane

Surface

On the surface of the membrane

Peripheral

Goes through one portion of the membrane

Carbs in Phospholipid Bilayer

Glycoprotein + Glycolipid

Glycoprotein

1 carb + 1 protein

Glycolipid

1 carb + 1 lipid

Cholesterol

Keeps the membrane fluid and protects it from extreme temperatures

Passive Transport

Moving things across the cell membrane

No energy

Concentration Gradient

Diffusion

A substance moves from an area of high concentration to low to make it equal

Cell membranes are…

selectively permeable

Osmosis is

the same concept as diffusion but this one happens in water

Osmolarity

How many solutes there are

Tonicity

Will effect how many solutes there are

Isotonic

Solutes inside = solutes outside

Both animal and plant are fine

Hypertonic

Solutes are greater inside than outside

Animal cells will crenate

Plant cells will become plasmolyzed

Hypotonic

Solutes are greater outside than inside

Animal cells will become lysed

Plant cells will stand tall

Facilitated Diffusion

No energy but we use transport proteins

Channel Proteins

A hole in the membrane where molecules + ions travel through

Carrier Proteins

More selective - can open and close

Active Transport

Needs energy

Moves against the concentration gradient - not natural

Uses pumps

Primary Active Transport

ATP

Secondary

Electrochemical Gradient

Solutes move because of different charges inside and outside the cell

The pull of the opposite charges will produce energy

Uniport

One solute moving through the port in one direction

Symport

Two solutes moving through the port at the same time going the same direction

Anitport

One solute moving one direction and another is moving the other direction at the same time

Bulk Transport

Movement of large particles or large quantities of solutes

Endocytosis

Movement into the cell via vesicles

Phagocytosis

Cell Eating

Membrane will surround large particles + move them

Pinocytosis

Cell Drinking

Cell engulfs dissolved molecules

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

Particles bind to receptors on membrane and membrane will engulf +move them

Exocytosis

Moving large particles in large quantities outside of the cell