Exam 3 Assemblages

Too much carbon makes steel ____ ___ ____.

hard but brittle

Too little carbon makes steel ___ __ ____.

soft and weak

The optimal carbon content for steel is <___%

0.03

Steel structural shapes are formed at a ____ __ ____ ____ where they are ___ ____ by passing through a series of rollers to get to the correct shape.

structural or steel mill, hot rolled

What are the 6 common steel shapes?

1) ________ ________

2) ____ ____

3) ______

4) ________ ___

5) _____

6) ______

american standard, wide flange, channel, structural tee, angle, bars

(How to read a designation) What is the depth of a W12×26?

12

(How to read a designation) What is the designation of a W12×26?

wide flange

(How to read a designation) What is the weight per foot of a W12×26?

26lbs

Open-web steel joists are ____ _____ _____ _____ formed through a combination of ___ ____ and ____ _____ welded together.

mass produced steel trusses, steel angles, steel bars

What are the three main ways of joining steel members?

rivets, bolts, welding

How do you know high strength bolts are tightened correctly?

1) ____ ___ ___ ____ method

2) ____ _____ bolts

3) ___ ______ _____ or ___ ____ indicators

turn of the nut, tension control, load indicator washers, direct tension

The edges of steel members are _____ so the welding electrode has full access so the joint can be welded proprerly.

beveled

A _____ connection bolts only the web, transmits only shear forces, and cannot transmit bending moment.

framed

A _____ connection welds the flanges across the joint with a full penetration groove.

moment

You can stabilize a steel frame against lateral loads by:

1) _____ bracing

2) _____ bracing

3) ____ _____

4) ______ connections

diagonal, eccentric, shear panels, moment

A ____ ____ is used to attach a steel column to a foundation using ___ ____ cast into the foundation.

base plate, anchor bolts

You plumb-up a steel frame building via ____ ______ and ______ ______.

temporary cables, connection tightening

Column splicing is made at ___ ___ above the floor for convenience and to _____ ___ _____ ____ _____

waist level, avoid beam-column connection conflicts

What materials can be used to fireproof steel members?
1) _______ and ______

2) ______

3) ______

4) _____--___ ______

5) ______ _____ _____

6) ______ ______ & _____

concrete and masonry, plaster, drywall, spray-on fireproofing, mineral fiber slabs, intumescent mastics & paints

What are the three main types of improved beams?

1) ______ beam

2) ____ _____ ____

3) _____ ______

castellated, rigid steel frame, plate girders

A ___ _____ is a membrane that is supported by masts or other rigid structural elements such as frames or arches. The fabric and cables transmit external loads to the rigid supports and ground anchors by means of (blank) forces.

tensile structure

The three main types of tensile structures are: _____, ______, and ___-_____.

tensile, pneumatic, air-supported

Light gauge steel framing members are produced through ___-____ which is _____ thin sheets of steel.

cold-forming, bending

The two basic shapes for light-gauge steel framing are ____-_____ _____ and _____ ______ ____ for the top and bottom track of the wall.

c-shaped studs, runner channel sections

Light gauge steel shapes are specified by:

1) ____

2) ____

3) _____

4) _____

shape, size, gauge, length

Why is the gauge of steel so important?

1) _____ gauges are ______

2) _______ & ______ depend on configuration, depth and gauge

thicker, structural, strength stiffness

Lightly loaded welded wire fabric is used in _____, _____ ____, and ______ applications.

residential, light commercial, sidewalk

Heavily loaded welded wire fabric is used for ______ in _____ and _____ settings.

reinforcement, warehouse, factory

Welded wire fabric is used to prevent cracking from ______, _______ stress, ______ _____, ______ _____, and ____ ______.

shrinkage, temperature, concentrated loads, frost heaving, ground settlement

Control joints are _____ for slabs on grade. They must be…

1) provided at ____ ____

2) ______ and _____

3) reinforcing mesh must be ______ around each joint

important, various intervals, straight, intentional, discontinued

____ ____ are small diameter metal rods that hold formwork together.

form ties

The four main components of formwork are: ______ ____, a ___ ____, ___ ____, and _____.

form material, support system, form ties, bracing

What are the materials that can be used for formwork?

1) ____

2) _____ & _______

3) _____ ______

4) ______ _____ _____

wood, metal, fiberglass, panelized systems, insulated concrete forms

Do you understand how sitecast concrete columns are formed?

yes

Reinforcing bars are offset at the top of columns to _____ ___ _______ for the column in the next story.

overlap the reinforcing

What are the three types of elevated one-way floor and roof framing systems?

1) one-way ____ ___

2) one-way _____ ____ ____

3) ____-_____ ____ ____ _____

solid slab, concrete joist system, wide-module concrete joist system

What is special about elevated two-way floor and roof framing systems?

1) more __________

2) can be accomplished with a ____ ____, _____, _____, etc.

3) can hold ____ _____

economical, flat slab, joist, beams, higher loads

What are the various types of elevated two-way floor and roof framing systems?

1) two-way ___ ____

2) two-way ___ ____

3) two-way ___ ____

4) two-way ____ ____

solid slab, flat slab, flat plate, waffle slab

What are the innovations in sitecast concrete?

1) lightwight ____ and ______

2) _____ ______

3) ___-___

4) _____ ______

5) ____ forms

6) ____ forms

7) ____-___

8) _______

concrete, admixures, formwork materials, lift-slab, flying formwork, gang, slip, tilt-up, shotcrete

(PRECAST) Solid flat slabs are typically associated with ___ spans and _____ slab depths. They have more ____ ____.

short, minimal, dead weight

(PRECAST) Hollow core slabs are typically associated with ___ spans and are ____ used.

intermediate, commonly

(PRECAST Double tee slabs are typically associated with ___ spans and are _____ used.

longer, commonly

(PRECAST) Single tee slabs are typically associated with ___ spans and have ____ ____ during construction.

longer, stability issues

Topping slabs become a working part of the precast slabs’ ____ _____ and are usually ____ thick.

structural action, 2"

What are the four main precast concrete beam and girder shapes?
1) _______

2) __-_____

3) ______ ___

4) _______

rectangular, l-shaped, inverted tee, aashto

Stirrups are typically left ______ from the top of precast concrete beams and are then cast into the concrete topping to create ____ ______ ____.

projecting, composite structural action

The ____ ______ on L-shaped beams and inverted tees provide ____ _____ for precast slab elements which ____ _____ in a building by supporting slabs near the bottom of the beams, as compared to rectangular beams without ledgers.

projecting ledgers, direct support, conserves headroom

What is used to connect precast elements? _____, _____, ______, ______, ____ ____.

bolting, welding, grouting, posttensioning, direct bearing

What are the dashed lines in this picture?

rebar cages

What are the thicker black dots in this picture?

rebar

What are the small black dots in this picture?

steel cables

What is the blue beam shape?

rectangular

What is the green beam shape?

L-shaped

What is the purple beam shape?

inverted tee

What is the yellow beam shape?

aashto

What are the small black dots in this picture? (Could be either of two things)

rebar, welded wire fabric

What is the red slab type?

solid slab

What is the orange slab type?

hollow core

What is the yellow slab type?

double tee

What is the green slab type?

single tee

What does the red tag indicate?

concrete

What does the orange tag indicate?

welded wire fabric

What does the yellow tag indicate?

vapor retarder

What does the green tag indicate?

crushed stone drainage layer

What does the blue tag indicate?

formwork

What does the purple tag indicate?

bracing

The orange tag shows that the welded wire fabric overlaps at the ends to improve ____ _______.

structural continuity

The benefits of masonry cavity walls are their ______ ______, _______ ______, and ______.

insulating value, reduced weight, drainage

Adjustable masonry ties are _____ for the masons because they allow for irregularities in course heights.

convenient

Adjustable masonry ties may be _____ _____ for some structural purposes.

insufficiently rigid

______ flashing is a continuous sheet of flashing material that is made up of copper, plastic, or rubber/bituminous. Its attached to the backup wall and run through the outside of the masonry.

concealed

Internal flashing ____ water, allows it to _____, and are accompanied by ______.

collects, drain, weeps

Internal flashing is placed at the _______ of the wall cavity and at _____ in said cavity. (like doors, windows, shelf angles, etc.)

bottom, interruptions

_______ flashing prevents moisture penetration and can be located on the tops of walls and roof edges.

exterior

When internal flashing meets the exterior surface of a masonry wall: the flashing should be carried at least _______ beyond the outside face of the wall.

3/4”

When internal flashing meets the exterior surface of a masonry wall: the flashing should be turned ______ at a _____ degree angle so that drainage water drips free of the wall.

downward, 45

When FLEXIBLE internal flashing meets the exterior surface of a masonry wall: it should be ______ to a sheet of ____ flashing just before it exits the wall.

cemented, metal

End dams keep ____ from running off the ends of the _____ and ______.

water, sills, lintel

High quality flashing materials are important on masonry walls because they":

1) are almost _______ __ _____

2) are quite ______ in comparison to the rest of the wall, so spending the money is worth it.

impossible to replace, cheap

High quality flashings are made out of:

1) _____

2) _____ _____

3) _______

4) _______

copper, stainless steel, plastics, composites

What spanning systems can be supported on masonry bearing walls?

1) ____ _____ framing

2) ____ _____ framing

3) ______ _____ framing

4) _____ ______ framing

5) _____ ______ framing

light wood, heavy timber, structural steel, sitecast concrete, precast concrete

__ ______ masonry units shrink after installation because they give off ____ ____.

new concrete, excess water

______ ____ masonry units expand because they tend to ______ ____.

new clay, absorb water

_______ masonry has ____ tensile strength.

brick, no

______ reinforcing needs to be ______ throughout _____ joints like an expansion joint/control joint so it does not _____ the movement of the joint.

joint, interrupted, movement, constrain

_______ indicates that water has begun to enter the masonry wall. It is best controlled by investigating and correcting the source of the leakage.

efflorescence

_____ can’t freeze until cured.

mortar

Mortar can be mixed with _______ to speed up curing time.

admixtures

Using ___ ____ ____ cement can also accelerate the curing time of mortar.

high early strength