aquatic class midterm 1

origin/ sources of water on earth (6)

star fusion, nebula collapse, asteroid, comet, meteor moons, planets

water origin theories 2

1. ice chunk colison theory ( pre formation), 2. extraterrestrial theory( post formation)

ice chunk colison theroy 1 theroy

theory for water on earth, planetesimals collide during earth form, but should have 4x as much water and 100 of the oceans we have, lost to heat, spaces or in crust?

extraterestrial theory 4 theories

theory for water on earth, asteroids hit earth carry h20( 20%) originate from mars to Jupiter , comets (50% h20)from beyond Jupiter only ¼ of impacts needed to have the water we do but would also have double the deterium that we do, cometismals lcy snowballs have 2-4x10^4kg per min and 2x-3x our oceans , non impact diffusion Vapor from sublimated ice 20-30 mil years after sun it happened

temp of earth mars n venus

earth avg 15 Celsius, mars -65, Venus 464

why is earths temp perfect for us

geochemical thermostat

geochem thermostat , what is the specific cycle name and how works( 6 steps)

carbon silicate cycle, atmosphere co2 dissolve in h20, carbonic acid rain erodes silicate rock which releases( si 4+,ca 2+ and hco3), organisms use those components for si02 and caco3 shells and exoskeleton, which sink to floor as siliceous and carbonate sediment (form own silicate rocks), rocks subduct and melt release co2, volcano release co2 into atmosphere

how is earths water divided up percent wise

0.02 in river and lakes ( residence time min to day and week to yr), 2.1% in ice 10^4 yrs, 0.6% in ground 10² yrs and 97.2% in oceans, which have a residence time of 10³

Earths average temp total, air n water

13.9 total, 8.5 land, 16.1 sea surface

water forms on earth

solid liquid and vapor

water polarity and degree sep

h push from each other, create polar molecule, sep by 105 not estimated 90,

what stops flow n causes viscosity bonding wise

h bonds

ice molecular structure shape n causes of shape

crytsaline, hexagonal, high volume but low density,

density equation

density= mass/ volume

density of water changes with temps, what particular temp

most dense at 4 deg Celsius, over 4 spread apart less dense an more volume, under 4 molec condense but only so far so still less dense and more volume

why do we need light to pass through water?

for photosynthetic aquatic life

light can be described as existing in two ways

waves ( lambda= c/v) and particles (e=hv)

light is visible at ? red is what length and blue is what length

400-700 nm, blue short at 400, red long at 700

wavelength and frequency related how

inverse

chlorphyll a and b absorb what color waves

blue n red

light attenuation def

light decrease with depth

2 things that effect light attenuation

quantity( total ammount light to start) and quality of water ( color and clarity of water)

turbid means

particles in water, can refract light

which wavelengths penetrate well in h2o

blue, not red. In water, blue wavelengths penetrate the best, while red wavelengths are absorbed quickly.

cdom

colored dissolved organic matter

secchi disk

measure water clarity by lower it till you cant see it, deeper Secchi depth clearer water

02 compensation depth

when respiration= Photosynth rate, around 1% surface light. past this not enough light for Photosynthesis

light meter

better way to measure water clarity and light intensity in aquatic environments. uses beer lambert law

beer lambert law

I= Io times e^{-kz} I = intensity at area, io is original intensity k light extuinct cof and z is depth

k relates to light disappearing how

high k light gone quick low k light gone slow

structure of earth crust 2 kinds of ways to describe

physical and chemical

physical componets of earth crust

crust , mantle ,core

earth crust components 2, thickness, makeup, temp and density

continental (granite) 0-50 km depth avg 40 rich in sodium potassium and aluminum temp 1-1000 deg c n density of 2.7. oceanic ( basalt), 0-10km deep avg 7 rich in calcium magnesium and iron temp 0-400 deg c n density of 2.9.

plat tectonic mechanism types

divergent, convergent and transform

historical developments to learn of tectonic plates 4

earth is jig saw( 1550 davinci, bacon 1620 buffon 1700, von humbolt 1800s), similar fern fossil in dif southern continents seuss 1885, 2024 matching dino prints in dif sides Atlantic, theroy of continental drift wegener and taylor 1912

plate tectonic evidence 5

earthquake epicenter, radiometric dating, paleomagnetism, seafloor spread, and fossil distribution.

earthquake epicenter

also known as ring of fire earthquakes cluster on plate boundaries

radiometric dating

ocean crust younger then continental crust

paleomagnitism

earth polarity has flipped multiple times

how sea floor spreads

mantle convention, mid oceanic ridges form, magma rises n cools, new crust

plate tectonics are what kinda plate and do they float

lithospheric yes float on athenosphere

chemical struct of earth

lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere, outer and inner core

names of different kinds of plate spreading and steps

diverge ( move apart at mid ridge, magma rise n cool new crust), converge (hit each other old denser plates under= subduct, trench forms old stuff recycles), transform (slide past each other, causes earthquakes).

convection cells

are large-scale movements of fluid in the mantle that transfer heat from the Earth's interior to the surface, driving plate tectonics. hot up cold sink

number and types of plates on earth and move how much

7 1st degree or major, 8 2nd degree or minor, over 60 3rd degree or micro, moving 5cm a yr avg 1 min 20 max

types of plate boundaries categories(3) an sub categories(7)

are classified into three main categories: divergent, convergent, and transform boundaries,

divergent sub catagories

ocean-ocean makes new sea floor opens at midline ridge , continent-continent, continent break, ocean basin created continental rift formed

convergent sub categories

ocean ocean(old sea floor subduct, ocean trench form, and island archs ), ocean land ( old sea floor subduct ocean trench form), land land (mountain built)

transform categories

plates slide past each other, causing earthquakes sea floor conserved transform fault formed

glacier def

persistent bodies of dense ice that are constantly moving down hill

why are glaciers always moving down hill

so heavy weight acc deforms and pulls down with gravity

how are glacier part of water cycle

erodes and melts

glacier cover how much of world n where and how much of worlds fresh water

alpine n polar and 10% of world, 2.1 percent of our water , 69 precent of worlds fresh

why are glacier blue?

o2 squeezed out

two main types of glaciers and def

unconstrained ( continental) mean’s topography of land doesn’t determine shape , constrained( alpine) shape determiend by topography

types of unconstrained glaciers 2

1 ice cap height avg 0.3 km and cover area smaller then 5×10^4 km

2 ice sheet height bigger then 3km area bigger then 5×10^4

How glaciers form? 4 steps

1 snow flake falls (90% air)

2 more snow compress make granular snow (less then 50% air )

3 more depth n press makes snow ice transition called firn ( older then 1 yr freeze n melt)

4 firm recrystalize into solid ice

Accumulate vs ablation

Accumulate by snaps fall avalanche drift for ice

Ablation melt sublimation erosion

Glacier form when accumulate wins

glacial and interglacial periods

Glacial= colder times glacier grow accumulate> ablation

Interglacial = warmer ablation >accumulate

Why does earth have glacial and interglacial periods 6 reason

Tectonic plates build mountain higher for glacier

Cosmic ray change rays change cloud form change solar that reaches

Milankovitch eccentric tilt m precession

Atmosphere gas so2 dust n co2

Ocean circulate ocean conveyor belt

Continental drift co tight in polar regions

Glacier movement speeds

upper ice quick move bottom slow Cus friction =shearing

Glacier relate with bedrock?

Wet bedrock slip dry can lock in

Zone plastic flow mean deep ice can deform or change with move

Types of glacier erode and how does the enviro change

1 abrasion n polish of bedrock by upper flowing fragments

2 plucking of rock ( feeding water in cracks breaks bed rock ) on down flow side

Cause transform areas to wide valley and steep peaks n ridges

Glacier parts

Supraglacial top

Englacial inside and subglacial under

Types of glacier deposits

1 direct is unsorted till (fluvoglavial deposit)and makes moraines on margin of glacier

2 outwash material carried by melt water sorted n layered

Moraine

Ridges on edge of glaciers caused by direct till deposit

Landforms left behind by glacier 4

1 drumlin =streamined elongated hill of till

2 esker long windy snake shape from meltwater

3 kettle hole /depression left when glacier chunk melt

4 erratic rock transported by glacier n deposit somewhere new

hydrological cycle defintion

a biochemical cycle that involves the continuous movement of water on and above and bellow surface of earth

Types of constrained glaciers 6

1 Ice field in mountain but no central dome and drained by valley glacier

2 valley glacier between mountains in valley 1-1000km

3 transection glacier series of valley glaciers

4 piedmont flows out of valley n spread to flatter land

5 cirque mountain hollow fill with snow (big deep)

6 niche mountain side fill with snow (small shallow)

hydrological cycle up vs down

up ( sublimate , evaporate or transport by wind) , down ( precipitate , runoff, infiltrate soil )

mass balance offf

precipitate and evaporate

lotic system is?

flowing of waters, stream n rivers

hydrology def

the description of the amounts of water passing through a system and the seasonal distribution/varying among dif time periods

hydrograph

graph of water flow(q) through flowing system

watershed

also called drainage basin or catchment basin is extent of land area where surface water converges to a single point at a low elevation( meet up before divide)

types of water basins by flowing end up

exoheric ( 80% of land surface and flow to ocean), endorheic(20% of land surface and flows to a basin and leaves by evaportaion)

drainage patterns 6

dendritic ( tree look) , trellis( main stream paralell and little streams break off at 90 deg angle), radial (streams flow out from a central point), rectangular (streams form right angles), deranged (irregular), and centripetal (flows in to center basin)

stream main characteristic 3 types

headwater stream discharge touching source ( step gradient, fast flow water with v shape streams)( bedrock is eroded and sediment transported), floodplain rivers ( slower bottom more snaky stuff deposits v shape turns to shallow u shape( flood plain of sediment), distributaries( tiniest streams)

headwater stream ecosyetems (4)

arctic: gravel bed rivers, boreal : coniferous forests, temperate: deciduous forests, tropical: wet forest.

river form steps 4

depression, rill, channel and watershed

stream orders 3 main

1st deg continuous perennial, 2nd deg two first degree , 3rd order 2 second orders, and intermittent streams aren’t part of it but are from floods

stream order help us how?? tell us?

valuable info about organisms and ecology

in the sense of stream, orders how many to make headwater medium size stream and rivers

headwater 1-3rd order, medium size stream 4-6 order, river over 6th order

hydraulic gradient?

elevation decreases as downstream distances enlarges

watershed boundary def

defined by highest elevation surrounding lake or river segment( watershed nested in other watersheds)

big picture characteristics of river ecocsytems (5)

1. rivers are linear an undirect so upstream effect downstream, watershed controls river (climate like what’s in water n vary of water as well as geology effect water chem), water velocity n discharge varies constantly ( space: width changes, time: flow changes in time) effecting turbulence, river bottom n struct effect surface of water ( rocks can diaplace), all the varying is good as makes habitat heterogeneity

discharge is made up of ? equation?

volume of water/ time or velcoity(u) times area (A)

water lost and gained in sytem has names what are they

recharge gain and discahrged lost

reynolds number? and formula?

detemiens if flow smooth or turbulent, re= iu/v, stream or pipe size , u water velocity, v is viscosity, so high velocity or pipe size is more turbulent

use reynolds number to decide if laminar or turbulent or transiational

lamianr is re under 2000, turbulent if over, transitional if around 2000

froude number what does it do and eq

tells how river speed compares with the speed of surface waves, fr = u/ squareroot of gD, river speed/ wave speed, u river speed, d water depth, g gravitational accelerate

fr telling actual characteristics and numbers

fr smaller then 1 flow subcritical or tranquil, =1 is critical, over 1 is supercritical or rough

why stream veocity differs in stream

if around bend outside water must move quicker to catch up and erodes more, inside slower and deposit, in the straighter u of channel bottom slow middle quick

velocity of streams with the morphology

deep is slow, shallow is high, rough is slow, smooth is high.

step pool sequnce means…

rivers can chnage with age, but riffle pool riffle pool

fetaures inside a stream

riffle fast and shallow and tend to have expsoed rocks , pool deep n slow deposit, run the in-between straighter parts

erosion def and forces

result of fluid forces fl=lift, fd=drag and t=shear or friction, shear spins and small particles held by cohesion lift easy

sediment transport depend on?

particle size and velocity via the settling or terminal velocity(ws), small may stay suspensed in river with low ws while large may flow downstream with high (ws)

ecosystem defintion

bio envior consisting of all organisms living there as well as non living abiotic components,