BIO 007: Lecture Exam #2 Flashcards

What are the different types of animal tissue? Describe there the tissue can be found and the function of each.

Animal tissue has epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissue can be found lining organs and organ cavities and its function is to protect, secrete, and absorb. Connective tissue can be found throughout the body and its function is to connection and support body structure. Muscle tissue has three main types of muscle which is skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. Skeletal is attached to the bone, smooth is within organs, and cardiac muscle is found with the heart. Muscle tissue is to function in moving the body and move substances throughout the body. Nervous tissue is found all throughout the body and it has two types of cells, which are neurons and glial cells. The function of nervous tissue is to transmit electrical signals and transmit information throughout the body.

Describe the function of the circulatory system.

Transport gases, nutrients, and other substances throughout the body.

Describe the function of the respiratory system.

Gas exchange with the external environment.

Describe the function of the excretory system.

Involved in osmoregulation (maintenance of constant body fluid concentration) and removal of nitrogenous wastes.

Describe the function of the digestive system.

Digestion of food, absorption of nutrients, and remove undigested wastes.

Describe the function of the integumentary system.

Protection from the external environment. It helps detect stimuli and thermoregulation.

Describe the function of the nervous system.

Transmits information throughout the body via electrical signals and processes information. It senses and responds to stimuli and controls and coordinates organs and physiological processes.

Describe the function of the nervous system.

Protects and defends the body against foreign substances and pathogens (bacteria, viruses, etc)

Describe the function of the skeletal system.

Support structure for the body. It also protects internal organs, stores minerals, allows for movement, and an attachment sight for muscles.

Describe the function of the endocrine system.

Protects hormones that regulate and coordinate processes/organs in the body.

Describe the function of the muscular system.

Movement of the body.

Describe the function of the reproductive system.

produces gametes (eggs and sperm) and offspring.

What is cell size?

Cells need to get nutrients and oxygen in and wastes out. The amount of nutrients needed is proportional to the volume of the cell, this means that the rate of diffusion is proportional to the surface area of the plasma membrane. If a cell gets too large, then the demand for nutrients surpasses the cell’s ability to get nutrients in. On the other hand, smaller cells have a greater surface area to volume ratio; materials can diffuse in and out of the cell fast enough to meet the needs of the cell.

What is direct exchange with the environment? Give some examples of organisms that have direct exchange with the environment.

Direct exchange with the environment is when an organism is able to exchange with the environment with simple diffusion. Some examples are amoebas, hydras, and marine flatworms. They all have direct contact with the external environment.

How does exchange with the environment occur in more complex animals?

As an animal gets larger, its volume increases faster than its surface area. The animal’s body surface is no longer sufficient for exchange. Exchange of substance in larger, complex aniamls is accomplished by having specialized exchange surfaces and a circulatory system. Specialized exchange surfaces are highly folded or branched. The branches and folds maximize surface area over which exchange of materials can occur. The exchange surfaces of the body are connected to the body’s most innermost cells via the circulatory system. The circulatory system is in close association with exchange surfaces. It helps ditribute nutrients and oxygen to all cells of the body, transport nitrogenous wastes from cells to excretory system, and transport O2 from cells to respiratory system.

What are regulators and conformers? Give examples of each.

Animals can either be regulators or conformers for an environmental variable. A conformer’s internal environment changes along with the external environment. A regulator uses internal mechanisms to maintain a constant internal environment, even if environmental conditions change. An example of a temperature regulator are river otters, they can work with a constant body temperature. Temperature regulators are called homeotherms. An example of a temperature conformer are largemouth bass. Their body temperature caries with that of the external environment. Temperature conformers are called poikilotherms.

What are endotherms and ectotherms? Give examples of each.

Edotherms are warmed by heat generated by metabolism (heat generated within themselves). Some examples of endotherms are king penguins, humans, and mammals. Ectotherms gain heat from external sources. Some examples of ectotherms are red-bellied turtles, most vertebrates, fishes, and amphibians.

Describe the two feedback control mechanisms. Give examples of each.

Negative feedback control mechanism maintains homeostasis and works by reducing a stimulus. Examples of this is thermoregulation and regulation of blood glucose levels. Positive feedback control mechanism drives processes to completion and works by increasing a stimulus. Examples of this are uterine contractions during childbirth and lactation.

What does food function as a source of?

Food is fuel for cells, it is raw material which is needed to build new molecules, cells, and tissues, and food has essential nutrients in which the body is unable to produce on its own.

What are the essential nutrients?

Essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals. Vitamins are small organic molecules that are needed by the body in small quantities. Minerals are small inorganic nutrients that the body requires in small quantities. Essential nutrients are nutrients that can only be obtained by feeding on other organisms.

What are the 4 main stages of food processing? Explain the function of each.

The first stage of food processing is indigestion, which is when food is taken into the mouth. The second stage is digestion, where food is broken down into smaller molecules. The third stage is absorption, where those smaller nutrient molecules are absorbed by cells lining the digestive tract. The final stage is elimination, where any undigested material leaves the body known as elimination.

There are 5 types of ingestion. Name each type and describe it.

The five types of ingestion are suspension feeding, filter feeding, fluid feeding, substrate feeding, and bulk feeding. Suspension feeding is when feeding strucutres grab suspended food particles in the water around them. Filter feeders are a type of suspension feeding. Filter feeders use structures to strain small organisms or food particles out of water. Fluid feeding is when organisms suck nutrient-rich fluid from a living host. Substrate feeding are animals that live in or on their food source. Bulk feeders consumer relatviely large pieces of food. Humans are bulk feeders.

Describe the difference between homodont dentition and heterodont dentition. What type of organisms have what type of dentition.

Homodont dentition is when it is the same teeth. Heterodont dentition is when it is different teeth. Nonmammalian vertebrates have homodont dentition and mammals have heterodont dentition that reflect their diet. Their teeth are reflected throuhg incisors, canines, premolars, and molars.

Describe the dentition and diet of carnivores.

Carnivores feed on meat. This means that their incisors tend to be smaller, however, they have very large, conical canines. Their carnassial premolars (narrow and sharp) allow for easier slicing of the flesh of the prey. Their molars tend to be carnassial or reduced if present.

Describe the dentition and diet of herbivores.

Herbivores feed on plants and/or alage. Their incisors are prominent and ver large which helps with clipping vegetation. Their canines are reduced or absent. Their premolars and molars are broad and have rigid surfaces to help grind up plant material.

Describe the dentition and diet of omnivores.

Omniovores feed on both plants and animals. Incisors are present, but not as prominent as in herbivores. Canines are present, but are not as prominent as in carnivores. Their premolars are carnassial (narrow and sharp) and their molars are broad and ridged.

What are the two types of digestion? Explain each.

The first type of digestion is mechanical digestion, which is the physical break down of food into smaller chunks. The second typeof digestion is chemical digestion, where enzymes break down larger molecules into smaller molecules. Food particles need to be small enough to fit into the cells that absorb them.

What are the two types of digestive compartments? Explain each.

The first type of digestive compartment is gastrovascular cavity. This is whre there is only one opening that functions as a mouth and an anus. This is called an incomplete gut or digestive tract.The second type of digestive compartment is alimentary canal. This is where an organism has two openings, a mouth and the anus. This is called a complete digestive tract or a complete gut. The benefit of an alimentary canal is that it enables the stepwise processing of food. Another benefit is that the organism can digest another meal while the previous meal is still being processed, this is not possible for animals with a gastrovascular cavity.

List all the components in the human digestive system and any accessory organs.

Oral cavity, tongue, salivary glands (accessory organ), pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, gallbladder (accessory organ), pancreas (accessory organ), liver (accessory organ), large intestine, rectu, anus, spincters, upper and lower esophageal sphincter, pyloric sphincter, ileocecal valve, and anal sphincters.

Describe the function of the oral cavity.

Teeth, tongue, opening of a salivary gland duct. There is mechanical digestion, we chew, our teeth cut, smash, and grind food. There is chemical digestion, salivary amylase digests polysaccharides (starch and glycogen) into smaller polysaccharides.

Describe the function of the tongue.

Manipulates saliva and food into a bolus (little ball).

Describe the function of the pharynx.

The pharynx has two parts, the not swallowing part and the swallowing part. In the pharynx for not swallowing, the upper esophageal spincter remains contracted and the epiglottis remains up. When swallowing, the larynx moves up and the epiglottis flops down. The upper esophageal spinchter relaxes, allowing food to move down.

Describe the function of the esophagus.

Peristalsis: alternating waves of muscular contraction and relaxation that squeexe the bolus along the esophagus (propels food throughout the alimentary canal)

Describe the function of the stomach.

The stomach has chemical digestion and mechanical digestion. In chemical digestion, the stomach has 3 cells functioning in the gastric glands. Parietal cells that secrete HCl, cheif cells that secrete pepsinogen, and mucous cells that secrete mucus. The low pH denatures the proteins and pepsin digests proteins into smaller polypeptides. Mucus protects the cells lining the stomach. In mechanical digestion, the gastric juice and food is mixed by the churning action of the stomach and turns into chyme. Then the pyloric phincter regulates the movement of chyme into the small intestine.