radiation protection final

What are “living tissue that can be damaged by exposure to ionizing radiation”?

Biological effects

When weighing the positive vs negative risks of radiation exposure, what are considered the positive risks?

• Screening purposes: ​

  • Mammogram (most effective tool for breast cancerdiagnosis)​

• Injury​

• Illness​

What “provides the basis for the justification of procedures​; the degree to which a study reveals the presence or absence of a disease while following radiation safety guidelines”?

Diagnostic Efficacy

What does ALARA stand for?

As low as reasonably achievable

If proper shielding is utilized, how much exposure is reduced for females?

50%

What are the responsibilities of employers in regards to radiation safety?

• Implement and maintain a radiation safety program​

• Supply the necessary resources​

• Written policy describing ALARAand the commitment of managing it​

• Exposure audit​

What is optimization for radiation protection (ICRP)​ another word for?

ALARA

Do radiation induced cancers have a threshold?

linear, non-threshold

What are the 3 cardinal rules of radiation protection?

Time, distance, shielding

In 2008, alliance initiated this campaign​; including the dissemination of pediatric CT dose reduction​, noting that CT can save children's lives, but dose should be lowered by ‘child sizing’. Which campaign is this?

Image Gently Campaign​

In 2009, ____ and _____ formed Joint Task Force on Adult Radiation protection about large increase in general public to ionizing radiation. Which campaign is this?

ACR, RSNA; Image Wisely

What does BERT ​stand for?

background equivalent radiation time

What is used to compare amounts of radiation received during a specific procedure to the amount of natural background radiation over a certain period of time?

BERT

What is the emission of energy in the form of electromagnetic waves or as moving subatomic particles passing through space from one location to another?

Radiation

What are two types of Radiation?

• Mechanical vibration- which causes sound (Ultrasound)​

• Electromagnetic wave-radio, microwaves, visible light, x-rays​

What does Ionizing radiation consist of?

• Xrays​

• Gamma rays​

• UV >10 eV​

What does non-ionizing radiation consist of?

• UV <10 eV​

• Visible light​

• Infrared rays​

• Microwaves​

• Radio Waves​

From higher energy, higher frequency, shorter wavelength → lower energy, lower frequency, and higher wavelength, list the items of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Gamma, x-ray, UV, visible light, infrared, microwave, radio

What type of radiation is high energy, high frequency, short wavelength?

Ionizing

What type of radiation is low energy, low frequency, long wavelength?

Nonionizing`

What are the 2 sources of Radiation, and what are the percentages of each?

• Natural​ (background)​ — 50%

• Human-made​ (man-made, artificial)​ — 50%

What is the approximate dose for Natural Radiation/Background? ​

3.1mSv​

What are the 3 components of Natural Radiation/Background?

Terrestrial​

Cosmic​

Internal

What are the 3 examples of terrestrial radiation?

• Uranium​

• Radium​

• Thorium​

How many mSv of natural radiation does Radon/Thoron consist of?

2.3mSv

What is the most significant contributor of terrestrial radiation and is a free agent floating in soil?

Radon/Thoron

What is the highest contributor of natural background radiation​?

Radon

What material has higher levels in soil that contains granite, shale, phosphate, and pitchblende​ and enters buildings through cracks or holes in the framework?​

Radon

What material has high concentrations with potential to cause serious health hazards ​& emits alpha radiation​?

Radon

What is the 2nd leading cause of lung cancer per EPA?

Radon

EPA recommends homes to have annual levels no greater than __ picocuries per liter of air (4pCi/L)​.

4

With cosmic radiation, nuclear interactions are caused by what two things?

• Sun (solar)​

• Beyond solar system (galactic)​

Greatest intensity (exposures) occurs at ___________​; lowest intensity (exposures) occurs at _________​.

High altitudes, sea level

What is the average US exposure of cosmic radiation?

0.3 mSv per person​

What type of radiation includes radioactive atoms that make up small percentage of the body tissue​; are Ingested​ or Inhaled?

Internal Radiation

What items can be a big cause of internal radiation, and what type of ionizing radiation is released?

Various foods, particles of air, dust​

• alpha, beta particles, gamma rays

What are the 4 quantities of elements that exist within the body?

Potassium-40, Carbon-14, Hydrogen-3,and Strontium-90​

What are examples of Human-made or artificial radiation?

• Consumer products ​

  • Early tvs, airport surveillance, ionizing smoke detectors, sometime pieces with luminous dials, video display terminals, shoe fitting fluoroscopes, dentures​

• Air travel​

• Nuclear fuel for generation power​

• Atmospheric fallout from weapon testing​

• Nuclear power plant accidents​

• Medical radiation

  • Diagnostic machines​

  • Radiopharmaceuticals/ radioisotopes​

Which nuclear power plant incident had the main effect of thyroid cancer of children and adolescents​ & an increase seen in breast cancer​?

Chernobyl -1986 ​

What 2 natural disasters occured to cause the incident at Fukushima 2011​?

Earthquake, tsunami

What is not a source of background radiation?​

1. Radioisotopes used in Nuclear Medicine​

2. Radionuclides within the body​

3. Terrestrial ​

4. Cosmic

1. Radioisotopes used in Nuclear Medicine

T or F: Radiation Protection is part of the Standards of Practice and Code of Ethics.

True

If you repeat an image due to poor positioning, what does that do to patient exposure?

Increase

What type of radiation is x-ray?

Electromagnetic

What organization sets the recommended radon level for homes in the US?

EPA

Who is credited with inventing x-rays?

Wilhelm Roentgen

What year were x-rays invented?

1895

What body part was the first x-ray taken of?

hand

Who was the first recorded death from radiation in the US?

Clarence Dally

What does Exposure (X) measure?

Tube output

What SI unit is used to measure tube output?

coulomb/ kilogram

What SI unit is used to measure air kerma?

Gray

What SI unit is used to measure patient dose?

gray

What does Equivalent Dose (EqD) measure?

occupational dose

What SI unit is used to measure occupational exposure?

sievert

Which measurement takes into account the type of radiation and the sensitivity of the tissue?

effective dose

What term is used to describe a way to calculate patient dose that takes the technique and field size into consideration?

DAP

What is the conversion of Sv to mSv?

Multiply by 1000

What piece of radiology equipment did Thomas Edison invent?

Fluoroscope

What is Aplastic anemia?

• A blood disorder​

• Bone marrow failure​

What is Radiodermatitis?

• Reddening of the skin from radiation exposure​

• Resulted in cancer ​

What is the “quantity received that causes skin redness after irradiation”​?

Skin erythema dose

What is the skin erythema dose called now?

‘absorbed dose’ ​measured in Gray (Gy) ​

What is the dose to which occupationally exposed individuals could be subjected without any apparent harmful acute effects (erythema); ‘threshold dose’​?

Tolerance Dose

Originally expressed in the unit rem, what is the unit that replaced it?

SI unit SIEVERT​

What are examples of very hazardous/hazardous occupations?

• Deep-sea diving​

• Professional mountaineering​

What is the total electrical charge (+ or -) per unit mass that x-ray or gamma ray photons generate in air; based on response produced when radiation interacts with air?

Exposure

What is Exposure (X) measured in?

SI: Coulomb/kilogram (C/kg)

What is the SI unit that can express how energy transfers from the beam to air​?

Air Kerma​

What unit is Air Kerma measured in?

• Measured in gray (Gy) ​

• Usually expressed in SI unit mGy or mGy/min​

• metric: Joules/Kg​

​

What dose is the product of average dose in human tissue or organs and it’s radiation weighting factor (WR)​; measures the quantity of radiation received by radiation workers (occupational exposure seen on badge reports)?

Equivalent Dose (EqD)​

What is the conversion for Equivalent Dose (EqD)​?

1 Sv = 100 rems​

What is the Sievert conversion?

• 1 Sv = 1000 mSv​

• Example:​

5 Sv= 5000 mSv​

(5 x 1000 = 5000mSv)​

What measures the quantity of radioactive material​?

Radioactivity (A)​

What is Radioactivity (A)​ measured in?

• SI: Becquerel (Bq)- named after a French engineer and scientist (Antione Henri Becquerel) ​

• Traditional: Curie (Ci)- named after Pierre and Marie Curie ​

What is the conversion rate for Radioactivity (A)?

1 Ci= 3.7 X 10^10 Bq​

What dose measures an overall risk of exposure to the patient from ionizing radiation​; takes into consideration the type of radiation and the sensitivity of the organ being irradiated?

Effective Dose (EfD)​

What unit is Effective Dose (EfD)​ measured in?

sieverts or millisieverts ​

What is the equation for effective dose?

EfD = D x WR x WT​

What is the cumulative dose to a population or group exposed to a given radiation source or group of sources?

Collective Effective Dose​ (ColEfD or S) ​

What is Collective Effective Dose​ (ColEfD or S) ​measured in?

person-sievert​

How do you calculate Collective Effective Dose​ (ColEfD or S)?

200 people receive 0.25 Sv​

200 X 0.25= 50 person-sievert​

What type of effects are seen in the individual who received the exposure​?

Somatic effects​

What are short term Somatic effects​?

• Erythema​

• Decrease in blood cells​

• Disruption of GI structures and function​

• CNS failure​

What are late somatic effects?

• Cancer​

• Cataracts​

• Shortening of life span​

• Embryologic effects during 1st trimester​

Which organization “evaluates information on biologic effects of radiation; provides radiation protection guidance through general recommendations on occupational and public dose limits”?

ICRP

What organization “reviews regulations formulated by ICRP & decided ways to include them into US radiation protection criteria”?

NCRP

What organization “reviews studies of biologic effects of ionizing radiation & risk assessment​; provides the information to organizations such as ICRP for evaluation”?

NAS/NRC-BEIR

Which organization “makes recommendations but does not enforce them​; publishes articles in scholarly journals and shared by UNSCEAR and NAS/NRC-BEIR​”?

ICRP

Which organization is a “nongovernmental, nonprofit, private corporation in​ United States chartered by Congress in 1964​”?

NCRP

Which organization “reviews studies of biologic effects of radiation and risk assessment​”?

NAS/NRC-BEIR

Which organization reports list studies of biologic effects and associated risk of group of people who were routinely or accidentally exposed?

NAS/NRC-BEIR

Which Code of Federal Regulations has Standards for Protection​ Against Radiation​?

CFR 10; part 20

Which CFR includes Subparts such as Occupational dose limits for adults, dose equivalent to an embryo/fetus, radiation dose limits for individual members of the public?

CFR 10; part 20 ​

What does CFR 21 cover?

• Food and Drug Administration​

• Minimum source-to-skin distance​

• Guidelines for fluoroscopy and mobile units

Which U.S. Regulatory Agency controls atomic energy for national security​, primary function is to oversee nuclear energy industries​, controls the manufacture and use of radioisotopes formed in nuclear reactors?

NRC

Which US Regulatory Agency has power to enforce radiation protection standards –​ does NOT regulate or inspect x-ray facilities?

NRC

Which US Regulatory Agency writes standards that are presented as rules and regulations and publish to Title 10 of US CFR?

NRC

What does the NRC supervise?

• Design and working mechanics of nuclear power stations​

• Production of nuclear fuel​

• Handling of expended fuel​

• Supervision of hazardous radioactive waste material​

Which NARM is nuclear medicine for heart stress tests​?

Thallium-201