CH 3

What is ideology

A lifeguiding system of beliefs, values and goals affecting political style and action (R.D. Putnam).

What is nationalism

The desire that the nation should be housed in its own sovereign state.

What is a nation

A collection of people bound together by common values and traditions, often sharing language, history, and affiliation to a geographical area.

What is nation-building

Post-independence attempts to unite peoples and develop economies within inherited colonial boundaries.

What is African socialism

Socialism built on African traditional values (village communalism, co-operation) rather than class struggle.

What is scientific socialism

Socialism based on class analysis of Marx and Lenin.

What is populism

Political movement favouring wishes and interests of "ordinary people".

What is state capitalism

Policy assisting free market activity but with heavy state intervention.

What is the OAU inviolable borders agreement

Agreement among most OAU members in 1963 that inherited colonial boundaries should remain.

What is structural adjustment

Loan programmes requiring borrowing countries to liberalise economies and public policy.

What is tribalism

Charge that groups hold divisive "outdated" ethnic allegiances countering national unity.

Who described nations as "imagined communities"

Benedict Anderson.

Who wrote Nations and Nationalism

Ernest Gellner.

Who advocated ujamaa and said "For the nation to live, the tribe must die"

Julius Nyerere.

Who championed Négritude and said Africans had "already realized socialism"

Léopold Senghor.

Who said "There is no Yao... only Malawians"

Hastings Banda.

Who said "Trying to 'Westernise or Easternise' Africa leads to denying the African personality"

Ahmed Sékou Touré.

Who described socialism as "a modern gnosis"

Aristide Zolberg.

Who said Afro-Marxist regimes had an "absence of ideological commitments"

Kenneth Jowitt.

Who argued there was no strong working class in Africa

Barry Munslow.

Who said "The people are not fighting for ideas... they fight for material advantages"

Amílcar Cabral.

What are the key features of African socialism

Independent; importance of tradition; modern; skipping capitalist stage; nationalisation; state marketing monopolies; state distribution; state control of imports/exports; curtailment of pluralism.

What are the key features of scientific socialism

Marxist-Leninist; working class/peasant alliance; fraternal links with Soviet Union; still African; nationalisation; state control; one legal party.

What are the key features of populism

People's representation/participation; people's committees; probity; anti-corruption drives; often formed after military coups.

What are the key features of state capitalism

Tolerant of private capital; lively small-scale capitalism; still heavy state intervention; state largest producer/distributor; curtailment of pluralism.

Which countries are examples of African socialism

Senghor's Senegal, Nyerere's Tanzania, Kaunda's Zambia, Touré's Guinea.

Which countries are examples of scientific socialism

Machel's Mozambique, Neto's Angola, Mengistu's Ethiopia.

Which countries are examples of populism

Sankara's Burkina Faso, Rawlings' Ghana, Gaddafi's Libya.

Which countries are examples of state capitalism

Houphouët-Boigny's Côte d'Ivoire, Kenyatta's Kenya, Nigeria.

Which countries gained independence in 1951, 1956, 1957, and 1958

Libya (1951), Morocco/Sudan/Tunisia (1956), Ghana (1957), Guinea (1958).

What are the two missions of nationalism

National unity and economic development.

What was nationalism's stance on ethnicity

"Tribalism" was regarded as a sin against the post-colonial state.

What are the exceptions to border stability in Africa

Tanzania-Uganda (1979); Somalia irredentism; Katanga, Biafra, Eritrea, South Sudan.

Why did Eritrea and South Sudan succeed where Katanga and Biafra failed

Because Ethiopian and Sudanese states imploded.

What was Nyerere's ideology called

Ujamaa ("family-hood").

What was the Arusha Declaration

1967 declaration confirming Tanzania's commitment to ujamaa.

What was villagisation

Moving rural Tanzanians into model villages; combining traditional customs with modern production.

Why did ujamaa fail economically

State failed to "capture" the peasantry; peasants retained "peasant mode of production".

Who described the "uncaptured peasantry"

Goran Hyden.

Who said villagisation was intended to integrate "economic efficiency with the goal of social equality"

Paul Kaiser.

What were the successes of ujamaa

Stability and equity; education and health care improved.