lymphatic system med term

Blood transport functions?

Carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, and defending cells

Blood regulation functions?

controls blood volume, fluid/electrolyte balance, and temperature

Blood protection functions?

Prevents infection and stops blood loss through clotting

Hematology

Specialty focused on study of blood

Hematologist

Specialist doctor who treats blood disorders

Hematopoiesis

the formation and creation of blood cells and plasma

Plasma

liquid portion of blood that maintains volume, pressure, immunity, and clotting

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells

Leukocytes

White blood cells

Thrombocytes

Platelets (clotting cells)

Erythrocyte morphology

bi-concave disks that are anucleate (lack a nucleus)

Erythropoietin

Hormone that stimulates red blood cell production in bone marrow

Hemosiderin

protein substance that helps the body retain iron

Hemolysis

premature destruction of red blood cells, which can cause anemia

hemoglobin (hgb, hb)

A vital protein that binds and transports O2 and CO2

Low hemoglobin levels can signify anemia

Erythrocyte ghosts

rbcs that are completely empty of hemoglobin

granulocytes

wbcs containing granules with enzymes to fight infection

eosinophils

granulocytes that cause inflammation, fight disease, and promote healing

neutrophils

first line of defense granulocytes that roam the body to fight disease

basophils

granulocytes that identify pathogens and assist in wound repair

Agranulocytes

mononuclear white blood cells that lack granules

Monocytes

agranulocytes that destroy pathogens or signal other immune components

Lymphocytes

highly specialized agranulocytes that search out and destroy pathogens

coagulation

the process of clotting off wounds to stop bleeding

agglutination

the clumping of particles, like an antigen reacting with an antibody

Factor x / Thrombokinase

an essential factor that converts prothrombin to thrombin

prothrombin to thrombin

a critical chemical conversion step necessary for blood coagulation

Glycoproteins in clotting

molecules that aid clotting and help convert fibrinogen to fibrin

Fibrinogen to Firbin

the final conversion step creating a clot-forming mesh network

hemostasis

the control of blood flow achieved when a wound safely clots off

serum

blood plasma that has had its clotting components completely removed

serum equation

serum = plasma - clotting factors

serology

the scientific study of blood serum

plasma composition

mostly water, but carries cells, hormones, proteins, glucose, and minerals

antigens (agglutinogens)

substances or toxins that trigger the body to launch an immune defense

Antibodies (agglutinins)

proteins produced to tag and destroy matching antigens

Universal donor type

O-

Universal recipient type

AB+

Rh Factor

a specific protein on RBCs determining if blood type is positive or negative

Hypovolemia

an abnormally low overall volume of blood circulating in the body

Anemia

A general condition characterized by a lack of healthy rbcs

acute posthermorrhagic anemia

sudden anemia resulting from rapid, severe blood loss

chronic blood loss anemia

anemia that develops slowly over an extended period of time

sideropenia

iron deficiency affection hemoglobin production

pernicious anemia

a drop in rbcs because the body cannot absorb enough Vitamin b12

hemolytic anemia

anemia caused specifically by the premature destruction of rbcs

aplastic / hypoplastic anemia

condition where bone marrow fails to produce enough new blood cells

thalassemia

a genetic disorder causing the creation of an abnormal form of hemoglobin

sickle cell anemia

a genetic disease causing sickle-shaped rbcs that disrupt oxygen binding

autoimmune acquired hemolytic anemia

disease where the immune system mistakenly destroys its own rbcs

pancytopenia

a severe deficiency of all three major blood cells (rbcs, wbcs, and platelets)

hemophilia

a hereditary condition where blood cannot clot dye to missing clotting factors

purpura

skin hemorrhages causing purplish patches from trauma, drugs, or aging

thrombocytopenia

abnormally low platelet levels causing bruising, nosebleeds, and heavy periods

polycythemia vera

a condition featuring an abnormally increased number of rbcs

thicker blood leads to increased risk of Deep vein Thrombosis (DVT)

SIRS

systemic inflammation response syndrome: an exaggerated, potentially fatal inflammatory response

Septicemia / sepsis

a severe, life threatening bloodstream infection caused by bacteria

septic shock

the most severe safe of sepsis, causes clots, blocks oxygen, and is often fatal

apheresis

passing blood through an apparatus to seperate out specific blood products

Leukapheresis

selective blood filtration process that removes wbcs

plasmapheresis

selective blood filtration process that removes plasma

plateletpheresis

selective blood filtration process that removes platelets

autologous blood transfusion

removing a patient’s own blood and transfusing it back later

allogenic blood transfusion

collecting blood from a donor and transfusing it into a patient

autologous bone marrow transplant

harvesting a patient’s own healthy marrow to give back after treatment

homologous bone marrow transplant

transplating healthy bone marrow harvested from a matching donor

lymphatic system functions

cleanses body fluid, returns nutrients to blood, and fights infection

lymph cells

specialized wbcs (lymphocytes) that fight diseases

lymph nodes / glands

small, bean shaped structures that filter lymph fluid and trap germs

lymph node locations

concentrated in neck, armpits, groin, and behind the ears

lymph organs

bone marrow, thymus, Peyer’s patches, spleen, tonsils, and mucous membranes

Peyer’s patches

clusters of lymphoid follicles located in small intestine

Lymph / interstitial fluid

fluid surrounding cells aiding in nutrient transport and waste removal

immunology

the medical specialty focused on immune systems

immunologist

a medical specialist who diagnoses and treats immune disorders

cytokines

signaling molecules that regulate inflammation, disease fighting, and healing

first line of defense

nonspecific physical and chemical barriers like skin and stomach acid

second line of defense

nonspecific internal responses to antigens that breach the first line

third line of defense

specific immunity that destroys previously encountered, targeted antigens

first line barriers

mechanical barriers (skin) and chemical barriers (mucosa, saliva, tears)

phagocytosis

a second line defense where phagocytes engulf and destory pathogens

pyrexia

fever; a second line defense

natural killer (NK) cells

cells that scan for pathogens and destory cancerous cells

Interferons

signaling proteins produced during viral infections to stop virus reproduction

complement proteins

protective blood proteins that actively rupture bacterial cell walls

specific immunity mechanics

the body indentifies a unique pathogen to direct a targeted attack

Targeted protectors

antibodies and immunoglobulins are formed specific to the pathogen

immunity origins

third line defense processes can be either genetic or acquired

leukocytosis

a high overall wbc count, often a normal infection response

neutrophilia

high neutrophil count, signals infection resolution and tissue healing

basophilia

high basophil count, occurs in parasitic infections, allergies, and clotting responses

lymphocytosis

high levels of lymphocytes protecting the lymphatic system

monocytosis

high number of monocytes boosting the body’s immune response

eosinophilia

high eosinophil levels, tied to allergies, parasites and autoimmune diseases

leukopenia

low overal wbc count caused by aplastic anemia, chemo, HIV, or hepatitis

eosinpenia

an abnormally low count of eosinophils in the blood

neutropenia

an abnormally low count of infection-fighting neutrophils

lymphocytopenia

an abnormally low count of lymphocytes in circulation

monocytopenia

an abnormally low count of monocytes in the blood

edema

general accumulation of excess fluid causing swelling in body tissues