Ch 5 Lecture Anatomy and Physiology ( Its from the recording)

Tell me what tissue means

It is a group of similar cells with a common function

Tell me what teh study of tissues are

That is Histology

Tell me what the 4 major types of tissues in the body

Epithelial Tissue

Connective Tissue

Muscle Tissue

Nervious Tissue

Tell me the distinguishing characteristics of epithelial tissue

Lack blood vessels, cells readily divide, cells are tightly packed

Tell me characteristics of tight junctions

Close space between cells by fusing cell membrances

Tell me an example of tight junctions

Cells that line the small intestine

Tell me general characteristics of Epitheliam Tissues

Line cavities and hollow organs - functions are secretion, absorption, and protections

Classified according to cell shape and number of cell layer

Tell me the different shapes of epithelial tissue

Swuamous (flat). Cubiodial (cube - shaped), Columnar (tallO

Tell me the diffent type of layers in epitheliam tissues

Simple (one layer of cells), stratified (3 or more layers of cells), or pseudostratified (apperas layers, but is not)

Tell me how Epithelial tissues are named

It is named based on organization of cells

First name — number of layers

Second name - shape of cells

Tell me what Epithelial membranes are made up of .

It is made up of epithelium and the underlying connective tissue.

Tell me characterisitcs of Simple squamous epithelium

Found in diffusion and filtration sites

It makes up walls of air sacs (alveoli) and capilaries

It lines blood and lymphatic vessels.

Tell me characteristics of stratified squamous epithelium

Many cell layers; thick

Protective layer

Outermost cells are squamous; deeper cells are cuboidal

New cells produced in deep, push older cells towards the free surface

Its Basement membrane is an anchor membrane found between the epidermis and the dermis.

Tell me characteristics of transitional Epithelium (uroepithelium)

Lines urinary bladder, ureters, and part of uretha

Tell me functions of connective tissues

It stores fat - adipose

Tell me characteristics of Macrophages (Histocytes)

It is usually attached to fibers, but can detach and wander

Conduct phagocytosis, formed from white blood cells

Defend against infection

Tell me the characteristics of specialized connective tissue

Cartilage

Bone

Blood

Tell me characteristics of Ethlers Danlos Syndromee

It is a hereditary disorder that affects collagen production

Tell me what are teh symtoms that are included in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome are

Overly flexible joints, with smaller joints being more affected

Loose joints that dislocate easily

Joint Pain

Stretched and fragile skin that bruises easily

Tell me characteritics of Adipose tissue (fat):

Adipocytes store fat, which can be used as energy

Push their nuclei to one side and contain droplets of fat

Cushions and insulates

Tell me characteritics of cartialge

It lacks blood supply; it heals slowly

Tell me characteristics of compact bone

Osteoblasts deposit matrix in lamellae (layers) and develop into osteocytes

Lamellae occur in rings around central canals

Osteocytes + matrix + central canal form cylindrical units called osteons

Tell me what osteons are

They are cemented together to form compact bone

Central canals contain blood vessels; bone is well-nourished and heals more quickly than cartilage.

Tell me characteristics of blood

Formed elements ( cells and fragments ) suspended in fluid called plasma

Transports substances around body

Tell me the types of formed elements

Red blood cells (erythrocytes transport gases

White blood cells — leukocytes — defend against infection

Platelets - thrombocytes help in blood clotting — cells fragments

Tell me what the Epitheliam membrane is

It is compsed of epithelial and connective tissue; cover body surfaces and line caviites

Tell me the types of membranes.

Serous and Mucous Membrane

Tell me characteristics of the Serous Membrane

Body cavities that do not open outside of the body

Inner linging of the thorax and abdomen; covers organs

Simple squamous epithelium + areolar connective tissue

Secrete serous fluid for lubrication, reducing friction

Tell me characteristics of the Mucous membrane:

Lining cavities and tubes that open to the outisde of the body

Goblet cells secrete mucus

Tell me characteristics of the Cutaneous Membrane

Covers the body surface

Commonly called skin

Tell me General Characteristics of the Muscle Tissues

Excitable; responds to nervous stimulation

Muscle cells are also called muscle fibers

Contractile; can shorten and thicken

3 types of muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

Tell me the General Characteristics of the Skeletal Muscle Tissue

Attached to bones

Striated

Voluntary

Long, cylindrical, multinucleated cells

Stimulated by nerve cells

Tell me characteristics of Smooth muscle Tissue

Non - striated

Spindle - shaped fibers

Walls of hollow organs and blood vessels

Involuntary

Tell me characteristics of Cardiac Muscle Tissue

Only in the wall of the heart

Branching cells that pulsate in unison

Involuntary

Striated

Intercalated discs (Specialized intercellular junctions)

Can function without nervous stimulation

Tell me characteristics of neurons

Main cells, which are speicialed for communication, via conduction of nerve impulses (sensory reception, motor control)

Respond to external stimuli by conducting electrical signals along long processes.

Tell me what are Nerve impulses

They are electrochemical messages that travel to the nerve

Telll me where Impulses travel from

They travel from the dendrite of the motor neuron to the cell body, down the axon, which is a long projection that extends from a neuron, and then to the effector, which may be a muscle, gland, or another neuron.=