FOOD ANALYSIS Test #2: Q&A

What are reasons for analyzing foods?

Food safety, government regulations (nutrition labeling, standards, food inspection and grading, and authenticity), consumer trends and demands, food industry QC and product quality management, and research and development

What aspects of food safety is food analysis concerned with?

Chemical and physical

What might make a food unsafe?

Certain additives, amounts of additives, contaminants, extraneous matter, adulteration, etc.

What are examples of consumer trends?

Taste, quality, safety, nutrition and health, and good value

What are examples of product quality in the food industry?

Raw ingredients, in-process, final product, and reliance on ingredient suppliers (technical spec sheets, COAs, etc.)

What is ensuring that a food product is made in a consistent way with consistent properties and performance every time?

Quality Control

What is ensuring that a product meets legal requirements for labeling, health claims, etc.?

Quality control

What is ensuring that a product meets consumer expectations?

Quality control

What are the steps in analyzing food?

1) Determine population you need information on, 2) determine what information is needed, 3) collect and prepare the sample, 4) select appropriate assay for analysis, 5) perform the assay, 6) calculate results using assay data, 7) interpret the data, and 8) make decision based on data interpretation

What are considerations when selecting an appropriate method?

Official v. rapid methods, method characteristics and suitability, validity of the method, and consider using standard reference materials (SRMs) and/or internal controls

What association makes the official methods for most foods?

AOAC International

What association makes the official methods mostly for cereal products?

AACC International

What association makes the official methods mostly for Fats and Oils?

AOCS

What association makes the official methods for milk and dairy products?

American Public Health Association (APHA)

What association makes the official methods for wastewater?

APHA

What does APHA stand for?

American Public Health Association

What association makes the official methods for food additives (Food Chemicals Codex)?

US Pharmacopeia

What publication would have the standard methods for enriched flour?

AACC International

What publication would have the standard methods for wastewater from a food processing plant?

APHA

What publication would have the standard methods for meats?

AOAC International

What publication would have the standard methods for butter?

AOCS

What publication would have the standard methods for yogurt?

APHA

What publication would have the standard methods for eggs?

AOAC

When was the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) established?

1862

When was the Division of Chemistry changed to the Bureau of Chemistry (BoC)?

1901

When was the Pure Food and Drug Act established?

1906

When was the USDA BoC changed to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)?

1930

When did the Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FD&C) give power to the FDA?

1938

What is the Pure Food and Drug Act also called?

Wiley Act

What led to the Pure Food and Drug Act/Wiley Act?

Adulterations and lack of safety standards killed many people in the late 19th century, and Harvey Wiley pushed for legislation to prevent food fraud (Wiley’s “poison squad”), and Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle (1906)

What was the first major food legislation passed in the US?

Pure Food and Drug Act

What was the intent of the Wiley Act?

Only foods that are safe to eat can be sold

What was the background of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FD&C)?

WIley Act had limited effectiveness, and hundred of artificial colorants and additives in food

What was the significance of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C)?

Food definitions and standards of identity created, stronger consumer protections, the FDA wasa given legal authority, and FD&C colors defined (only 7-9 allowed in foods today)

What does CGMP stand for?

Current Good Manufacturing Practices

What established basic requirements for drug manufacturing?

CGMP

When were the first food CGMPs established (21 CFR part 110)?

1969

What regulated the design and construction of food processing facilities, employee and sanitary use and maintenance of food processing equipment?

CGMP

What does HACCP stand for?

Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point

What was developed by NASA to ensure safe astronaut food?

HACCP

When was HACCP developed?

1960s

What is a systematic approach to food safety?

HACCP

What is used to identify, evaluate, and control biological, chemical, and physical food safety hazards?

HACCP

What piece of legislation had nutrition labels mandates on most products; health/nutrient claims defined?

NLEA (1990)

What piece of legislation states that dietary supplements are not food; loosened restrictions on dietary supplements?

DSHEA

What piece of legislation focuses on prevention; required testing and preventative control throughout food supply chain?

FSMA

What piece of legislation established hazard analysis and preventive controls for human food (21 CFR part 117)?

Updated CGMP

Which organization was the forerunner to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)?

USDA Board of Chemistry

What was the first major food legislation?

Wiley Act

What gave the FDA legal authority?

FD&C Act

What is a systemic approach to food safety?

HACCP

What is a major food legislation on nutrition facts?

NLEA

What prevention focuses on food safety?

FSMA

What are examples of establishing regulations?

Standards of identity, standards of quality, standards of fill, min/max quantities, labeling, advertising, and production standards

What are examples of food inspections?

Sampling, analysis, define action levels, and defining methods

What are examples of law enforcement by regulators?

Warning letters, administrative detention, suspension of registration, seizure, injunction, issue recalls, FDA cannot file charges but others can

Can the FDA file charges?

No

What is what one can, cannot, or must do?

Law

What is a group of laws?

Act

What is issued by government agencies to implement and interpret laws?

Regulation

What define amounts for imposing regulations and rules?

Action levels

What determines how regulations should be carried out?

Guidance

Does guidance have the force of laws?

No

What makes federal regulation accessible, transparent, and enforceable?

Code of Federal Regulations (CFR)

What are final rules and regulations from government departments and agencies?

Official rules

What is the Code of Federal Regulations organized into?

50 titles

What CFR are Animals and Animal Products (managed by USDA)?

9 CFR

What CFR are Food and Drugs (managed by FDA)?

21 CFR

Do CFR regulations have the force of law?

Yes

What defines what food is and what it contains?

Standards of identity

What are the minimum standards for some canned fruits and vegetables?

Standards of quality

What determines how full a container must be?

Standards of fill

What is set by USDA to classify products from average to excellent in quality?

Standards for grades

What does FSIS stand for?

Food Safety Inspection Service

What does AMS stand for?

Agricultural Marketing Service

What does the FSIS fall under?

USDA

What does the AMS fall under?

USDA

What does CFSAN stand for?

Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition

What does NSSP stand for?

National Shellfish Sanitation Program

What does CFSAN fall under?

FDA

What does NSSP fall under?

FDA

What does EPA stand for?

Environmental Protection Agency

What does TTB stand for?

U.S. Department of the Treasury Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau

What does the NMFS stand for?

National Marine Fisheries Service

What does NMFS-SIS stand for?

NMFS Species Information System

What does the CBP stand for?

Customs and Border Patrol

What are companies involved in for federal laws and regulations to apply?

Interstate commerce

What agency has the responsibility to implement the FD&C Act?

FDA

What agency is responsible for nutrition labeling (except for meat, poultry, and egg products)?

FDA

What agency enforces tolerances for pesticide residues (does not set tolerances)?

FDA

What agency is responsible for mandatory and voluntary grading?

USDA

What agency is involved in regulations for milk?

USDA

What agency is responsible for nutrition labeling of meat, poultry, and egg products?

USDA

What sets tolerances for pesticide residues?

EPA

What sets effluent standards for food processing plants?

EPA

Who regulates drinking, effluent water?

EPA

Who regulates bottled water?

FDA

Who regulates dairy?

FDA, USDA, States

Who regulates meats and meat products?

USDA

Who regulates seafood?

Dept. Commerce: NOAA-NMFS; FDA, EPA