ENVR100 QUIZ 1

good luck suckers

TWO KINDS OF SYSTEM DRIVERS

ENVIRONMENTAL DRIVERS

SOCIETAL DRIVERS

ENVIRONMENTAL DRIVERS EXAMPLES

CLIMATE CHANGE: wildfires, hurricanes, floods, droughts

POLLUTION: atmospheric CO2, CFCs, micro/macroplastics, pesticides

LAND USE CHANGE: deforestation, habitat descrution. industrial farming

SOCIETAL DRIVERS EXAMPLES

DEMOGRAPHICS: increasing population, change in group identity

GOVERNENCE/POLICY: add or removal of regulations/laws/practices

ECONOMICS: production/distribution/consuming of goods/services

TECH: automating activities origianlly perforemed by people

DIRECT DRIVERS

things that directly affect the shit yk

POLLUTION

CLIMATE

OCEAN

CHANGE PERCIPITATION

KILL INSECTS

INDIRECT DRIVERS

1 step removed from the impact

CLIMATE CHANGE: changes percipitation, which as a result reducers ice which then leads to WILD FIRES!

SOCIAL NORMS: cars are so cool. therefore we use em more and buy more which THEN leads to them high temps

ENVIRONMENTAL FORCINGS DEFINITION

external, specific influence on a system. includes NATURAL or ANTHROPOGENIC!

TWO KINDS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CLIMATE FORCINGS

NATURAL

ANTHROPOGENIC

NATURAL CLIMATE FORCINGS

1. ENERGY FROM SUN

2. VOLCANO ERUPTION

3. SOLAR FLARING

ANTHROPOGENIC FORCINGS

1. BURNING FOSSIL FUELS

2. DEFORESTATION

3. URBAN DEVELOPMENT

WHATS A SYSTEM AND ITS COMPONENTS

set of eleents that are organized to achieve something like componenets and shit eg computer

COMPONENTS OF A SYSTEM

1. ELEMENTS: visible parts (un/tangible) eg people rules resources and pride

2. INTERCONNECTIONS: relationships, rules flows that LINK elements eg communication feedback tarriffs

3. FUNCTION/PURPOSE: what system does, revealed by behaviour not just goals eg import/export of goods

ICEBERG MODEL LEVELS

1. EVENTS: whats happening rn

2. PATTERNS OF BEHAVIOUR: whats some trends happening over time

3. STRUCTURE OF SYSTEM: what structures may EXPLAIN these trends

4. MENTAL MODELS: attitudes beliefs morals expectations ppl have

TYPES OF SCIENTIFIC QUESTIONS (not testable yet)

CHARACTERIZING (descriptive): how has climate changed since ___?

COMPARING (differences): which of these sunscreens have the least fx on reefs?

CASUAL/CORRELATIVE (cause/effect): how does ocean acidification affect plankton and shit

SCIENTIFIC STUDIES (4)

DESCRIPTIVE: what happens vs. ANALYTIC: why/how this happens

RETROSPECTIVE: lookat past data vs. PROSPECTIVE: data present-future

QUANTITATIVE: numbers QUALITATIVE: experience/meaning/quality

BASIC RESEARCH: look for knowledge APPLIED: solves SPECFIC issues

SNIEZA PEATLAND good location for an Anthropocene marker of combustion

• Spanned from 1931-2020

• It was dated using radioactive carbon and lead isotopes.

• radioactive materials from nuclear explosions and the Chornobyl disaster confirms dating techniques is accurate

• in 1980 metal ore, lignite (low-grade coal) mines, factories, and power plants were made by poland. caused big old combustion emissions.

• we are able to see the sediment

CARBON CYCLE (not testable yet)

1. mining coal removes carbon from land

2. burning coal turns it to CO2, and Methane (CH4), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOC) + heavy metals all ending up in the atmosphere

3. goes in the air and ocean, which then creats longterm storage, pushin up to da surface. idk. help.

FOUR CARBON RESIVOIRS/STOCKS

they are literally like boxes in pictures, using the following usually

ABOL!

1. ATMOSPHERE

2. BIOSPHERE (plants, soils)

3. OCEAN (oceans)

4. LITHOSPHERE (sediment/dirt)

OCEAN AS A RESIVOIR

• carbon dissolves from the surface to the deep.

• can be found in big n small organisms in water. plankton to whale

• pH goes down as it gets acidic

• Particulate carbon. turns from CO2 to BICARBONATE

TERRESTRIAL BIOSPHERE AS A RESIVOIR

• all living and dead things on land including bacteria and organic carbon in soils and lakes

LITHOSPHERE AS A RESIVOIR

carbon can be found in rock minerals and sandstones, made from shells and also reserves of fosisl fuels, gas oils and coal and methane and bitumen

FLOWS

rate determines movement of substance between stocks/resivoirs

INPUT > OUTPUT = STOCK INC. overtime

INPUT < OUTPUT = STOCK DEC. overtime

FLOWS IN OCEAN

INC.

INFLOWS

• Ocean - Atmosphere gas exchange

• Rivers

OUTFLOW

• Ocean - Atmosphere gas exchange

• Sedimentation

FLOWS IN LITHOSPHERE

dec.

INFLOWS

• Fresh water burial

• Ocean burial

OUTFLOWS

• Volcano

• Rock weathering

• Export from soils to rivers

• Human activities (fossil fuel burning, cement production etc...)

FLOWS IN BIOSPHERE

inc.

INFLOW

• Photosynthesis

OUTFLOW

• Respiration

FLOWS IN ATMOSPHERE

inc.

INFLOWS VHOF

• Volcano

• Human activities

• Ocean

• Freshwater outgassing

OUTFLOWS

• Ocean - Atmosphere gas exchange

• Land Use flux (Terrestrial biosphere respiration and fire)

• Rock weathering

STOCK

is the AMOUNT OF CARBON IN A RESIVOIR! is this right’?

CARBON IN THE OCEAN

• CO2 inc. in the atmosphere, therefore more goes in ocean.

• when it reacts w water it becomes Carbonic acid which is H2CO3

• drops a proton, becoming Bicarbonate (HCO3 -) or

  loosing 2 hydrogen ions to form carbonate

  (CO32-)

• carbonate- reacts with hydrogen to reform carbonate
  the proton is added to the ocean, making it acidic

CARBON AND pH IN THE OCEAN

• dissolved CO2 in an aq. solution regulates the ocean pH.

• pH is measure of IONS in solution.

pH = -log[H+] concentration pH8-pH7 increases by 10x.

• HIGHER the CONC. the more the pH decrease by 10x

  • 
    

PRECENSE OF CO2 HCO3 AND CO32 IN DA OCEAN

• present @sometimes

• CO2 go down (carbon)

• HCO3 go in middle (BIcarbonate)

• CO3 (carbonate)

AVERAGE FOR OCEAN GLOBALLY

8 in 2024 tho varies

• ice melt near poles and sun shine at an angle and ice melt into da ocean, this affects solubility affecting CO2 absorption therefore affecting PH

SHELL ORGANISM AND EFFECTS IN DA OCEAN

Shells of many ocean organisms are made of Aragonite, a form of Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3 )

when theres less since the ocean acidic they dissolve quicka and are also harderto make so sad omg waaaaaaaaaaaaa

PLANKTON AND TYPES

base of marine web rely on current to move

1. ZOOPLANKTON: take in ORGANIC CARBON

2. PHYTOPLANKTON: photosynthesize and foundation of food web. growth th ethings that are eating them

3. KRILL: cant eat a changing phytoplankton thjey change bc of ocean.

KEELING GRAPH. why the trends lookin like this?

RESPIRATION: drop CO2 as waste WAY more in the winter. but in summer, less. that is why its fucking jaggity. notfalsity

GREENHOUSE EFFECT:

4 playuhs. da CROUCHIN TIGA!

1. THE SUN: main source of energy to Earth. Incoming solar radiation warms the surface.

2. INFRARED RADIATION: re‑radiates that energy upward as infrared radiation. some makes it through past the atmosphere while some doesnt.

3. GREENHOUSE GASES: in the atmosphere absorb and re-emit Earth’s outgoing infrared radiation, causing Earth’s temp to inc.'

4. ALBEDO: when sun reaches earth, high albedo surfaces REFLECTS AND BARELY ABSORBS the SUN. sometimes can be based on light vs dark with light reflecting better!

CLIMATE FEEDBACKS

STABILIZING FEEDBACKS: act to DECREASE impact of forcing

AMPLIFYING FEEDBACKS: act to REINFORCE IMPACGT OF FORCING

STABILIZING FEEDBACKS WITH REDUCTION OF LESS CO2

1. Warmed Earth radiates more infrared (heat) energy into space

2. Plants and soil remove carbon dioxide from the air and ABSORB

3. Oceans remove carbon dioxide from the air and ABSORB

AMPLIFYING FEEDBACKS WITH REDUCTION OF LESS CO2

1. Snow cover loss and sea ice decline reduce reflection of sunlight

2. Warming increases water vapor in the air

3. Wetlands, thawing permafrost release CO2 and methane

idfk ICE CORE!

Ice cores drilled from Antarctica and Greenland contain tiny bubbles of ancient air. By measuring the CO₂ trapped in those bubbles, scientists can reconstruct past atmospheric CO₂ levels.

the last 800,000 years, atmospheric CO₂ naturally ranged between about 180 ppm during ice ages and about 280–300 ppm during warm periods

NOW its 400ppm. make sense? idk. its ok. we all tried our best….

SOLAR VS EARTH RADIATION

SOLAR RADIATION

Key points:

• It arrives at Earth as incoming energy.

• About 30% is reflected back to space (Earth’s albedo).

• The rest is absorbed by the surface and atmosphere, warming the planet.

EARTH RADIATION

• the warmth of the surface emits radiation back toward space.

• Greenhouse gases absorb some of this IR and re‑emit it downward, warming the surface.

GEOLOGIC TIMESCALE

into eons, eras, periods, and epochs based on major geological and biological events

3 REASONS FOR BEING IN ALL IN FAVIOR OF NAMING ANTHROPOCENE

• Calls attention to human impact on environment

• Acknowledges difference in climate compared to Holocene

• A convenient collective name for a complex scenario

3 REASONS FOR AGAINST NAMING ANTHROPOCENE

• Groups all humans together, responsible for change

• First name of epoch while we’re still in it, no clear decided markers

• Defeatist who easily accepts or expects failure

NEUTRAL AB NAMING THE ANTHROPOCENE

“its named after an organism!” bruh :I

LAND SYSTEMS AND WHAT DO THEY DO

SOK

store shit like carbon,

organism’s habitat provider

keep water cycle

DRIVERS AFFECTING LAND SYSTEMS

c tic

• clearing land 4 crops n degrazing.

• timber production making wood n paper

• industrial dev, making roads and places in forested areas

• clmate change weakens trees and make wildfires/disease

IMPACT ON LANDSYSTEMS FROM DA DRIVERS

• theyy cant regulate climate/purify water/ hold soil in place

• disturbance of rainfall patterns bc of deforestation

• climate change makes carbon released back into atmos

• affect on ALL organism health.

CONTROL VARIABLES OF LAND SYSTEMS

• focus balance of land systems and human use for it, tracked by the share of OG forest cover remaining in diff biomes.

CURRENT STATUS OF LAND SYSTEMS

RISK ZONE IN YELLOWY ORANGE.

global forest cover remains below the safe threshold, with continued, though slower, decline.

EG OF HUMAN TO ENVR. RELATIONSHIPS

coral reefs

• coral bleach, sunscreen, human activity destroy these coral reefs

• loss of colour and shit yk and it affects the fish too.

• used for protection from large wave energies

• also assist w economy in hawaii.

Explain why the Śnieżka Peatland is a good location for an Anthropocene marker of combustion

Spanned from 1931-2020.

Was on a plateau and did not have any bodies of water nearby.

It was dated using radioactive carbon and lead isotopes. radioactive materials from nuclear explosions and chemobyl disaster confirm tech

1980 metal ore, lignite (low-grade coal) mines, factories, and power plants were made by poland.

we are able to see the sediment....cahnge w human activity probably… idk. fuck this question…