U.S. History: Market Revolution, Jacksonian Democracy & Sectionalism

What was a major consequence of the War of 1812 for the United States?

It acted as a catalyst for explosive domestic manufacturing growth.

What was the Hartford Convention?

A meeting of New England Federalist delegates who opposed the War of 1812 and proposed amendments to protect their political influence.

What did the Adams-Onís Treaty (1819) accomplish?

Spain ceded all of Florida to the United States in exchange for the US dropping its claims to Texas.

What is the Monroe Doctrine?

A declaration stating that the American continents were no longer subject to European colonization.

What sparked the Caroline Affair (1837)?

Canadian authorities seized and burned the American steamship, the Caroline, which was aiding Canadian rebels.

What was the Aroostook War (1838)?

An undeclared conflict between American and Canadian lumberjacks over a disputed border region.

What did the Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842) resolve?

It peacefully settled the long-disputed Maine-Canada border.

What was the significance of the Erie Canal (1825)?

It lowered transport costs and transformed western settlement patterns by connecting the Hudson River to Lake Erie.

What did the Factory System replace?

Localized home workshops, centralizing production using large machinery.

What are machine tools?

Precision manufacturing tools used to produce standardized machinery parts.

What was the Lowell System?

A textile factory recruitment system that brought young women from rural farms to work in factories.

Who invented the automatic reaper?

Cyrus H. McCormick, which allowed one worker to harvest as much grain as five using manual methods.

What were trunk lines in the context of railroads?

Consolidated railroad lines created in the 1840s and 1850s to establish direct transport links between the Northeast and Northwest.

Who was Samuel F. B. Morse?

The inventor who transmitted the first magnetic telegraph message in 1844.

What was the Second Bank of the United States (1816) intended to do?

To remedy financial chaos and force state banks to issue gold-and-silver-backed currency.

What was the Missouri Compromise (1820)?

An agreement to maintain the balance of power between free and slave states by admitting Maine as free and Missouri as slave.

What did the Tallmadge Amendment propose?

Gradual emancipation of slaves in Missouri as a condition for statehood.

What was the ruling in Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)?

Congress's authority to regulate interstate commerce takes precedence over state regulations.

Who succeeded John Marshall as Chief Justice?

Roger B. Taney, who modified Marshall's nationalism in his rulings.

What was the significance of Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842)?

It established that labor unions were legal organizations and strikes were lawful.

What was the core concept of Jacksonian Democracy?

It democratized political participation for white males while concentrating power in the executive branch.

What was the 'Corrupt Bargain' of 1824?

Andrew Jackson won a popular plurality but lost the electoral majority; John Quincy Adams was chosen by the House after Henry Clay's support.

Who was Andrew Jackson?

Elected in 1828, he expanded political opportunities for the 'common white man' and dismantled institutional checks like the national bank.

What is the Spoils System?

The practice of rewarding loyal political followers with government jobs, institutionalized by Jackson.

What sparked the Nullification Crisis?

John C. Calhoun's theory that a state could declare a federal law null and void; South Carolina nullified a federal tariff.

How did Jackson respond to the Nullification Crisis?

He declared nullification an act of treason and secured a military 'Force Bill' to enforce federal tax laws.

What was the Bank War of 1832?

Jackson vetoed the renewal of the Second Bank's charter and withdrew federal deposits, making it central to his reelection campaign.

What was the Whig Party?

Formed in the 1830s to oppose Jackson's executive tyranny, favoring expanded federal power and industrial development.

What was the Specie Circular of 1836?

Jackson decreed that only gold or silver coins would be accepted for public land sales, leading to a financial depression.

Who was John Tyler?

Vice President under Harrison, he broke with Whig policies after assuming the presidency, vetoing internal improvements.

What was the core concept behind forced Indigenous removal?

The federal government dismantled Native American sovereignty to satisfy white demand for western agricultural lands.

What was the Factor System?

A government network supplying goods to Native Americans, creating financial dependency to force land cessions.

Who were Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa?

Shawnee leaders who led a tribal unification movement against white encroachment; Tecumseh was killed in the War of 1812.

What were the 'Five Civilized Tribes'?

The Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Chickasaw, and Choctaw nations known for their successful agricultural societies.

What was the Removal Act of 1830?

Legislation to fund negotiations for the relocation of southern tribes to territories west of the Mississippi River.

What was the Trail of Tears?

The forced migration of the Cherokees and other tribes to Oklahoma, resulting in thousands of deaths.

What was the core concept of nativism in the 19th century?

A defensive movement among native-born Americans against European immigrants, fueled by economic and religious fears.

What was the Know-Nothings party?

A nativist secret society that became the American Party, opposing Catholic officeholders and advocating for literacy tests.

What is the 'Cult of Domesticity'?

A mid-19th-century ideology that defined a woman's role as confined to the home, discouraging higher education.

What was Godey's Lady's Book?

A popular women's magazine focusing on domestic topics, avoiding political discussions.

Who was P.T. Barnum?

A showman who capitalized on the urban middle class's desire for entertainment, starting with a freak show museum.