MAOR102 EXAM

When did Europeans first cross the horizon?

1790s, to bay of islands and faveaux strait

What did Māori call the strangers?

tangata kē maitai = strangers from sea

tangata tupuna = goblin people

takata para = ship people

tangata pakeha

When did whaling in NZ begin?

waters from new South Wales at bay of islands in 1790s, New England whalers follows in 1800s and even more in 1830s

When did sealing in Aotearoa start?

1792 with a sealing gang at tamatea (dusty sound)

When did American and Australian sealers arrive in NZ?

1800s

What happened in 1806 in terms of sealers?

one ship called favourite, from Nantucket lands 60,000 pelts (fur) in Sydney

What happened in 1809 in terms of sealers?

isle of wight off st clair beach, 8 man sealing gang take 2000 skins over 20 weeks

When did the first shore whaling stations begin?

1829, by 1840 there are about 20 stations in the waipounamu and lower north island

Who did the southern whaling stations operate under authority of?

tūhawaiki and taiaroa and ngati Tahu rangatira

What were the relationships like between whalers ad Maori?

- Whalers established long term relationships with local Maori communities, including marriages, - Chiefly women married owners and managers

- Lesser ranking women married employees

- The pakeha men participated in wives whanau, respecting Tikanga, fighting their enemies

- The women worked alongside their husbands and participated in their businesses to benefit their children and their whanau

What happened before the arrival of James cook?

Abel Tasman arrived, he sailed around NZ but didn't actually step foot on the land, Maori did a pohiri on the beach. When Tasman came in he blew off a cannon, then there was an outbreak Maori were killed and europeans were killed. Tasman Feld and told people not to go to NZ

When did James cook arrive to NZ?

1769, James cook arrived, he had a tahign on board the boat who could speak a similar language to Maori.

What was a pro/con of the bartering system?

bartering system started up between James and Maori, this was a good thing in terms of movement from conflict to negotiation. However, was bad in terms of musket trading.

What happened in 1820s in terms of trading?

changed now included trading of flax, ship building etc, Maori were able to adapt to the europeans

Why was the bay of islands known as "Hell hole of the pacific" in 1830s?

the bay of islands was the busiest place due to been the home of the biggest port. Lots of europeans were arriving who had left places of law and thought they do what ever they wanted in NZ and that's what they did. Muskets and new diseases had a large impact on Maori. The fighting that occurred at bay of islands made many people move to find new territory.

What occurred in 1831?

there was chiefs scared of a French invasion. They wrote to king William for protection

What was the "Elizabeth affair"?

Te Rauparaha a chief hired a cargo ship to get his warriors to the north island. Once reaching the north island Te Maiharanui, the Ngati Tahu rangatira was captured, tortured and killed. Once this happened New Soth Wales put more pressure on Britain to intervene.

What happened in 1833?

Britain sent James Busby, who set himself up at Waitangi he was told to come to NZ and protect well disposed settlers and traders, prevent outrages on Māori and apprehend escaped convicts. Busby was paid by NSW, however no one was willing to pay him more than a small amount. Because of this lack of money there was a lack of resources. All busby could be was a mediator between Maori and europeans.

What happened on the 20th of march 1834?

Busbys first legacy, 25 Maori ranagatira gathered to pick the flag of NZ

How did the declaration of independence arise?

Baron Charles de theirry, wanted to claim NZ as a French colony, Busby instigated another meeting with 25 rangatira, resulted in the declaration of independence.

Who signed the declaration of independence?

34 rangatira signed the Māori version on the 28th of October in 1835

18 more from other regions signed by 1839

it fulfilled what northern Maori wanted, Ngi Tahu were invited to sign

What were the key things that the declaration was meant to do?

Recognised and asserted Maori authority and British king would protect especially against foreign threat

Rangatira agreed to meet to make decisions about the colony

Mana remained intact for individual hapū and their respective leaders

What was the outcome of the declaration of independence?

didn't work out as busby hoped. The fighting didn't stop, Busby due to little authority couldn't do much about it. Hobson was sent to NZ in 1837 to report on the situation for the British.

Why were the British unwilling to make NZ a British colony?

British thought it was going to cost way to much

Who sent Hobson to NZ?

lord Glenelg

When did Hobson arrive to NZ?

1840, he arrived with a set of instructions, drafted the treaty. He asked Henry Williams to translate it into Maori

What was the issue with the first article of the treaty?

the first article used the word Kawanatanga which to the Maori meant governship, taking care of people and things. However it meant sovereignty in English meaning that Maori was giving everything to the queen.

What was the issue with the second article of the treaty?

the Maori version stated that they have hold over everything. however in the English version it says they have procession over some stuff, very vague and if they want to sell there land they have to sell it to the queen

What did the third article of the treaty state?

unlike the first and second article, the third article translated the same in Maori and English. In both versions the queen extended to the natives her royal protection and impacts to them all the rights and privileges of British subjects.

When did rangatira first gather at Waitangi?

05 February 1840

Who were the three rangatira in favour of the treaty?

Tamati Waka Nene

Patuone

Hone Heke

What day was the treaty signed?

06 February 1840, 43 rangatira signed the treaty

505 signed the Maori version

39 signed the English version

Who was against signing the treaty?

Te Wherowhero, he wasn't against the treaty he just didn't believe it should be signed.

Who signed the treaty twice?

Te Rauparaha, on Henry Williams copy and again major Bunburys copy

What Ngai Tahu rangatira signed the treaty?

Taiaroa

Karetai

Korako

they had heard about the treaty, thought to themselves they would rather have the British as aligns then against them

Where in New Zealand was not subject to the treaty?

Tuhawaiki agreed to sign the treaty but they had to leave his land alone. They accepted and Raupuke island was not to be subject to the treaty.

What was happening in 1852?

the Maori population was very low

What was happening in 1854?

government was formed, parliament as supreme they could pass laws. As more europeans were arriving the laws established were to extend pakeha authority.

What was happening in 1860s?

the land wars started, the crown trying to get access to more land as more europeans arrived, this is how wars occurred. By this time europeans had forgotten there was a treaty

Who said that the treaty meant nothing?

Chief Justice James

Justice C.W. Richmond

What happened in 1877?

Wi Parata vs Bishop of wellington, Wi used the treaty to fight for his land back, didn't work.

What did Chief Justice James say?

the treaty was mere nullity - the treaty had no significance

What was it like in 1840?

numerous tribal groups. These iwi were not the political authority. It was the hapu that was important. All these hapu lived close yet independent, interrelated through marriage, trade etc. There was no one Maori nation but a lot of difference between Maori groups.

What was the population, missionary activity and infrastructure like in 1840?

- population wise we didn't really know how many Maori there were. The biggest Maori group was in the bay of islands. Maori were more densely populated in warmer areas.

- Christainity was mainly in the northland and then had to expand to Waikato region, this is not to say that Maori not in northland werent exposed to christianity.

- There was a lot of bush, much of the country still forest. Travel was mostly done on foot. One actual town Russel

- The most common cause of death in this period was drowning

What was mana (power and authority) like in 1840?

we had a crown authority

this is not a pakeha government the governor is acting on behalf of the queen. It was meant to represent all subjects of the queen, Maori and pakeha. Maori were given the same rights as pakeha. Therefore its not unreasonable for Maori to believe that they might be involved in decisions however this was not the case, pakeha did not view It this way. Maori converted into western ways, for mana kawanatanga to increase Maori mana had to decrease.

What were the issues taking place in 1840?

pakeha saw themselves as superior, saw Maori as inferior

pakeha had the idea that over time Maori could become more like pakeha, this would require the removal of Tikanga, removal of Maori values.

Maori owned large masses of land, pakeha said they were wasting this land. Pakenha said if your not going to use the land then let us in to use it, pakeha didn't see the way Maori were using the land as proper. The government made it clear to Maori that they were to sell some of their lad to pakeha settlers. Pakeha population increasing, Maori decreasing, pakeha predicted that Maori were going to become extinct.

When things werent going the way Maori wanted there were two ways they handled it?

cooperation - at arms length

resistance - violent, non violent

There were 4 main conflicts that occurred in 1840s?

1843 - Nelson Settlers VS Ngati toa = over land, the settlers killed chiefs wife and the chief sought auto and killed the prisoners

1845-1846 - Northern war = Ngapuhi believed that the government was intruding on his mana, ngapuhi destroyed the flag pole, created war

1846 - Hutt valley = the settlers were looking at land and they believed the government had purchased it there was a war eventually Maori were push out of the Hutt valley

1847 - Whanganui = Te Mamku had issues with his mana against the British army

What was the reason for 1843 Nelson settlers VS Ngati toa?

over land, the settlers killed chiefs wife and the chief sought auto and killed the prisoners

What was the reason for 1845-1846 Northern war?

Ngapuhi believed that the government was intruding on his mana, ngapuhi destroyed the flag pole, created war

What was the reason for 1846 - Hutt valley war?

the settlers were looking at land and they believed the government had purchased it there was a war eventually Maori were push out of the Hutt valley

What was the reason for 1847 - Whanganui war?

Te Mamku had issues with his mana against the British army

What was the issues surrounding land in 1840s?

maori possessed, pakeha wanted it.

land was a means to wealth. This is how the government managed money thru land. Maori held the land over native title. Different Hapu might have rights to something on that land and another hapu has rights to something else on the land. For this reason you couldn't just have a pakeha truing up and trying to buy land. Pakeha would wait for Maori to offer up land, which they did, some Maori wanted to show the government how loyal they were by selling land. Generally the group who sold the land first got the most money and the group who came second got less.

What happened in terms of land by 1850s?

15 years into colonisation, not all Maori wanted pakeha neighbours. Pakehas demand for land didn't stop. Land purchases started using less ethical ways to purchase land. By the second half of the 1850s Maori are less keen to sell there land. Both Maori and pakeha accused each other of trying to rip each other off.

How come the government was able to buy most of the southland for cheap?

Nga tahi were not in a position to fight the government. The government promised a lot but didn't do it.

Was there differences in terms of land brought in north and South Island?

in the northland there was a lost less land brought compared to South Island

When did the government take over full responsibility under the New Zealand Constitution act?

1852, the house of representatives were elected, legislative council appointed and provincial councils elected.

To be able to vote you needed to be a man and owned or leased property. Despite the fact Maori owned land, they owned their land under native property not the crown so couldn't vote.

Where was the strongest support for the idea of a king?

Waikato and central north island

What was the Taranaki war?

lasted a year 1860-1861, built trenches, in the end they called a truce

What was the Cold War 1861-1863?

was about isolating kingitanga

When did the NZ government take over war/ fighting?

1865

What areas of Maori were treated worse?

the Waikato and Taranaki Maori were treated worse then in other areas by the compensation court, this left a lot of bitter ness

What religion did Maori align with most?

Jews, Missionarys believed in the literal bible they were descendants from the jews

Why did Maori believe they were descendants from the Jews?

Maori could see that the hebrews were tribal people and that they shared similar cultural practices. The most important thing was the the jews were gods chosen people. Maori related most with the Jewish faith, some christian belief remained.

Who was Te Ua Haumene?

started new religion HauHau, movement spread into other regions, created warfare threatening over religions

What would happen if uninvited pakeha went into king country?

they would most likely be killed

Why did the government want king country?

they wanted to build a railway thru king country, Ngati Maniapoto who owned the land wanted to do business with the government. This persuaded king Tawhiao to make peace with the government in 1881.

What happened in 1862 and 1865?

The government brought about the native land court, its job was to work out who owned the land. They did this based on who owned the land in 1840 once the court had decided the owners they were given a certificate

What were the negative impacts off the native land court?

- fighting between Maori

- expensive e.g if Maori had no money when attending the land court they had to sleep under trees

- pakeha manipulation and freud e.g giving Maori alcohol then getting them to sign over land

- unhealthy e.g brought them into town where they were exposed to disease

Does the native land court still exist?

yes it is called the Maori land court now

What did the Maori representation act in 1867 do?

gave Maori 4 seats in parliament

the first chiefs picked fought for land and rangatiratnaga

argued against the native land court

What was significant about the Hawkes Bay Area in 1870s?

there was a lot of sneaky land sales going on lead to the rise of the repudiation movement - which wanted to access land sales that were not ethical

maori teamed up wth Henry Russell a pakeha who himself had done some sneaky land deals. His goal of doing the movement was to damaged the reputation pf other pakeha land holders. The movement didn't have much success, failed as it was to expensive.

Who was the Parihaka (resistance) movement led by?

Te Whiti

Tohu

How did Parihaka arise?

the Taranaki Maori were still living on this land that was confiscated by the government. The government didn't have the means to take all the land at once so would take a part of it at a time, nibbling at the land. It was called "the creeping confiscation"

How did Maori respond in the parihaka resistance?

they would plough up the land that the pakeha had just brought

the government responded with mass arrests. Political prisoners sent to littleton and Dunedin

What was parihaka a symbol of?

reoccupation over the mana of the land, resistance stirred fear among pakeha

Who was the person who decided we needed to do something about Parihaka?

John price a minister

he decided that we needed to do something about parihaka

built a fought to try intimidate the Maori

eventually invaded parihaka

maori repense was peaceful and welcoming

over a period of several weeks the village was demolished

What occurred after the arrests at parihaka?

leaders were released and returned to parihaka and rebuilt it to become a model village. It was amazing compared to other Maori villages, Tikanga was fostered here. Parihaka still remained a place for focus of Maori protest, the mass arrests continued.

What occurred in 1881 between the kingitanga and the crown?

the kingitanga wanted to keep all pakeha out, the king country was a place to escape pakeha. However the government wanted to build a railway thru the kind country. Tawhiao made peace with the crown, part of the deal was that the government was able to come thru and sort out the railway. King Tawhiao tried to retain the mana, but by the end it was a completely different environment. The king continued to push the rights for his people. The king tried to talk to the British minminmter and the NZ government but they were both saying talk to the other person.

What was the hope when the king died?

they the kingitanga moment would fade away, however we had a new king named mahuta he was less hands on. The new king was apart of parliament the government was hoping this would be the end of the kingitanga movement. However in 1910 Mahuta said I give up im going back to my king duties.

Who was Te Puea Herangi?

she fought against Maori men been forced to enlist in war, through this te puea become the most influential leader in the kingitanga movement

Who was James Carroll?

the minister of native affairs, he didn't have sympathy for having a seperate Maori government. He set up that Maori could vote for Maori counsels, some kind of representation. This made it seem like Maori were finally been recognised Maori put there energy into these new structures. However Maori released that the coucils were not as mana strong as they thought it would be.

What was the purpose of the young Maori party?

goal was survival of Maori not land. They didn't see a lot of point arguing about the treaty of Waitangi, however they did want to hold on to land but the main concern was survival. Their work made a lot of changes in terms of improving Maori health. Their view was if Maori were working there land then pakeha would not take it. Pakeha wanted to take land if nothing was happening on it. However this group saw that advancement for Maori would take cooperation with Pakeha.

What happened due to world war 1 ?

needed as many troops as they could, Maori MPS wanted Maori involvement. If Maori were engaged it would show they were citizens, help their situation in NZ. However Maori who had fought again the crown and had their land taken were not keen to enlist.

What happened in terms of land loss overtime?

rate of land loss decreased, only because there isn't much land left

What was the significance of the influenza pandemic?

after world war 1- we lost 9000 people to influenza, Maori rates were higher then pakeha, Maori were 8 times as likely to die from the disease

Why did more Maori die use to influenza than europeans?

1) Milder versions of the disease went around the town areas were mostly pakeha lived, so they got immunity, when the real disease hit they werent as impacted

2) Maori didn't have access to health care like those in town

3) Killed off young fit people, Maori tended to be younger

What was the Ratana movement 1873-1939?

stated around the same time as influenza, Tahupotiki Wiremu Ratana, was a faith healer

he become popular, so popular that lots of Maori wanted to live near him. Ratana gained support from Maori all over the country. He was called a mouth piece of god , other churches didn't like this. He was challenged by kingitanga leader who said what can you do about the land. With this in mind he turned to politics to help with treaty. Ratana also sought to get people elected in Maori government, made a pack with labour.

What was Te Puea Herangi Known for besides going against world war 1 enlisting?

- she shifted the capital of kingitanga movement back to ngaruawahia

- took care of 100 orphans

- revival of Tikanga

- support for ngatas land schemes

- liaised with senior politicians

- encouraged education

What was Ngata native ministers biggest achievement?

land schemes

he tried to consolidate the land into farming units so that Maori could keep their land. Also was a way to get Maori into employment .

Where did the Maori battalion serve?

South Africa and Italy

What were good things that came out of Maori serving in world war 2?

leant a lot of skills

What was the impact on Maori left behind in world war 2?

government introduced man power regulations. Maori were told they had to work in jobs, sometimes away from home. This included any Job deemed important for war. While this was good for young people it made older people worry. In this period special hostiles were developed in the city to take care of Maori.

What issue was raised once Maori returned from world war 2?

pakeha though that NZ had the best race relations but that was because most Maori lived out of town. So when more Maori moved into town issues were raised.

What were the reasons for urban migration?

- lower mortality rates and higher fertility levels

PUSH FACTORS

- strain on limited rural economic resources

- employment

- geographical isolation

- escape the confines of culture

PULL FACTORS

- economic security

- higher education/ training

- adventure and independence

What were the difficulties of urban migration?

1) employment - spur of moment decision, unskilled, 1980s redundancies

2) housing - hostels, inner city living, ethnic enclaves

What adjustments occurred for urban migration?

voluntary participation

- religious groups

- cultural clubs

- sports teams

- tribal groups

- maori organisations

visibility in the city

- urban Marae

How do we know someone is Maori?

ASK

How many languages are known worldwide?

6,912

95% spoken by less than 6% of the population

by 2092, predicted that less than 10% of the worlds living oral languages will still be spoken

What languages are considered dying?

majority of dying languages are indigenous languages. There are few indigenous languages not under threat of decline or death.