phonetic patterns

graphemes

printed letters

allographs

letter sequences or patterns that represent the same sounds

diagraphs

pairs of letters (same or different) that combine to make one sound

morpheme

smallest unit of language that can stand alone

free morpheme

the root of the word

bound morpheme

have to attach to other words to have meaning

phonemes

distinct, individual speech sounds that by changing, can also change the meaning

minimal pairs

words that vary by only one phoneme in the same position

pulmonic consonants

produced with air stream from lungs

vowel quadrilateral

represents a schematic of a speaker’s mouth; the vowel is placed roughly where the tongue is located during production of vowel sound

diacritics

small markings used to represent different ways sounds are produced

suprasegmentals

used to indicate stress, loudness/intensity, pitch/frequency, length/duration

allophones

variant pronunciations of a phoneme/members of a phoneme family

complementary distribution

allophones that are produced based on the phonemes next to it

free variation

allophones not constrained to phonetic context, thus are interchangeable

lexical stress

the increased emphasis in the production of one syllable in a multisyllabic word

broad (phonemic) transcription

purpose is to transcribe speech sounds with no reference to allophonic variation

narrow (allophone) transcription

purpose is to transcribe the more specific details of articulation (allophonic variation)

systemic transcription

familiar with language and sound system; may be narrow or broad

impressionistic transcription

unfamiliar with language and sound system; narrow, need to capture all allophonic variation