Histoery wallahi lock in

Clifton

The location of Brunel's iconic bridge

Birmingham

Industrial city and the base for Watt's steam engine

Manchester

Leading centre of the cotton textile industry, known as 'Cottonopolis'

Sheffield

Leading centre of England's industrial era steel industry

Glasgow

Rapidly growing industrial city in Scotland that grew from 32,000 people in 1750 to 762,000 by 1901

Kennington Common

Location of the Chartist rally in April 1848

Lanarkshire

Rural area of Scotland known for pre-industrial textile production

Soho

Area of London mapped by Dr Snow to link Cholera to unclean water

Houses of Parliament

Meeting place of MPs to debate and create new laws

Mass production

Automated, large scale, cheaper manufacturing of standardised goods

Agricultural

Relating to farming

Bourgeoisie

The middle class that became wealthy from business, industry, and commerce during the Industrial Revolution

Proletariat

The landless industrial working class, reliant entirely on factory wages for survival

Tuberculosis

Bacterial infection of the lungs, closely linked to polluted industrial towns; caused 9.8% of deaths between 1838-1920

Textiles

Material made from fibers through processes like weaving

Urbanisation

The shift of people from rural farm areas to towns and cities due to mechanisation removing farming jobs

Franchise

Those with the legal right to vote in public elections

Chartists

Political reformers that demanded universal male suffrage and democratic reforms

1769

Patent granted for James Watt's separate condenser steam engine

1830

Opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway by George Stephenson

1831

Building work began on the Clifton Suspension Bridge

1832

The Great Reform Act extended the franchise to sections of the middle class

1847

Factory Act limited women and children to 10 hours work days

1848

Kennington Common Chartists political rally led by William Cuffay

1854

Cholera outbreak that inspired John Snow to map Soho's water pumps

1858

The Great Stink crisis in London; also the year property qualifications for MPs were abolished

1867

The Second Reform Act that gave many urban working class men the vote

James Watt

Inventor who improved the steam engine by adding a separate condenser in 1769 to save fuel and energy

Isambard Kingdom Brunel

Civil engineer that designed the Great Western Railway, Clifton Suspension Bridge, and the SS Great Britain

Sarah Guppy

Inventor and the first woman to patent a bridge, contributing ideas to Brunel's suspension projects

George Stephenson

Civil engineer known as the 'Father of Railways' who developed successful steam locomotives like the 'Rocket'

Joseph Bazalgette

Engineer that designed London's first vast system of over 1,300 miles of sewers following the Great Stink

John Snow

Doctor that first linked cholera to polluted water pumps in Soho, disproving the 'bad air' theory

Ellen Johnston

The 'Factory Girl', a power-loom weaver and poet who wrote about working-class life in 19th-century Glasgow

Svante Arrhenius

Swedish scientist who in 1896 first suggested that increasing CO2 emissions could warm the Earth's climate

William Cuffay

Son of a former slave, tailor, and leading Chartist organizer who was transported to Australia after the 1848 rally

Thomas Newcomen

Inventor of the 1712 steam engine that wasted energy because cold water had to be injected directly into the cylinder

Sun-and-planet gear

Technology developed by Watt and Boulton that converted a piston's up-and-down motion into rotary motion to power factories

Britain's Natural Advantages

Abundant coal and iron ore, a stable political system, a strong banking sector, and an expanding overseas empire

Mines Act of 1842

Law that banned all women and girls from working underground and prohibited boys under ten from doing so

People's Charter of 1838

A campaign document demanding six political reforms, including the vote for all men over twenty-one

Rotten Boroughs

Depopulated parliamentary constituencies that were abolished by the Great Reform Act of 1832

Third Reform Act of 1884

Law that extended voting rights to many working-class men living in rural areas

Universal Suffrage Timeline

Secret ballots added in 1872, MP salaries started in 1911, all men voted in 1918, and all women voted in 1928

Benjamin Disraeli

Prime Minister during the Great Stink who described the Thames as 'a Stygian pool, reeking with ineffable and intolerable horrors'

The Great Stink Pollution Data

The River Thames was choked with 250 tons of fecal matter daily from homes, slaughterhouses, factories, and stables

Peasoupers

Dense, yellow-green fogs caused by factory soot and smoke that drastically reduced visibility and could kill animals

Bronchitis

A lung disease closely linked to polluted industrial air; caused 8.0% of all deaths in England/Wales between 1838-1920

Public Health Act of 1875

Law requiring local authorities to provide clean water and regulate unhealthy, overcrowded housing conditions

Direct Consequences

Changes that are caused immediately and solely by an event itself

Indirect Consequences

Changes caused by a consequence of an event, or by the event combining with another cause

Consequence Multiplication

When one consequence of an event increases the size, scale, or speed of other consequences

Short-term vs Long-term Consequences

Temporary changes versus permanent, enduring shifts (like climate change originating from fossil fuels)

Explanatory Paragraph Structure

Requires three sequential steps: Point, Evidence, and Explanation

Three Types of Mini-Essays

Argumentative (for/against), Explanatory (explains 3 points), and Narrative (chronological story of 3 connected events)