Topics Exam 3

adaptive immunity

specific, changes overtime, slower, memory

two subcategories of adaptive immune response

b cells and t cells

B cells

originate in red bone marrow and mature in adult red bone marrow

T cells

originate in red bone marrow and mature in thymus

humoral immunity

due to antibodies and b cells

antigen

something that triggers the immune system to produce antibodies

epitope

specific small region of an antigen that an antibody binds to

hapten

small molecule that is only antigenic when attached to carrier molecule

antibodies

immunoglobulins produced by b cells

antibody structure

Y shaped- 2 heavy and light chains

antibody functions

variable region- antibody binds to antigen

constant region- same for entire class

IgG

location- blood, lymph, intestines

function- fixes complement, enhances phagocytosis, neutralizes toxins and viruses

IgM

location- blood, lymph, and on b cells

function- agglutination (clumping)

IgA

location- secretions like mucous, tears, saliva

function- trap microbes in secretions

IgD

location- blood, lymph, b cells

function- antigen receptor, initiate b cell response

IgE

location- blood, basophils, mast cell

function- triggers histamine release, fights against parasites

a calf receives colostrum shortly after birth- what type of immunity is this?

naturally acquired positive immunity

a calf receives colostrum shortly after birth- which antibody class is most important

IgG

what are plasma cells

b cells

t- independent

stimulate the b cell to make antibodies, don’t need T cell, b cell makes antibodies

t- dependent

Th cell produce cytokines that activate b cell, b cell encounters antigen and presents it to MHC molecule

clonal selection

has to select the right b cell

clonal deletion

eliminates harmful b cells

cell mediated immunity

antibody from humoral immunity and t cells stimulate NK cells and macrophages to kill targets cells

thymic selection

eliminates many immature t cells 98%

antigen presenting cells (APC)

immune cells that present foreign antigens on surface to activate t cells

how do cytotoxic t cells kill infected cells?

lyse or induce apoptosis

T regulatory cells

formerly t suppressor cells, suppress t cells against themselves

natural killer cells

granular leukocytes destroy cells that don’t express MAC I

maternal antibody interference

temporary passive immunity an newborn receives from its mother blocks a vaccine from working

what is the problem with maternal antibody interference

can prevent the babys immune system from building its own long lasting defenses

primary immune response

slow, IgM first then IgG, does not last long

secondary immune response

faster, more robust, IgG, lasts longer

active response

immune system is responding

passive response

antibodies come from somewhere else

agglutination

clumping

opsonization

coding pathogen so phagocyte can engulf

activation of complement

complement system, inflammation, and cell lysis

antigen dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity

killing cells in large parasites

neutralization

surround and contain virus and toxins

serology

the study of reactions between antibodies and antigens

antiserum

serum containing antibodies against a pathogen

globulins

serum proteins

antibody titer

amount of antibodies in serum

primary response occurs

after initial contact with antigens

secondary response occurs

after second exposure

naturally acquired

normal part of animals life

artificially acquired

human intervenes, usually requires a needle