Biology Lab practical Exam I: Studyguide

Lab 1: Microscope Handling

• Proper handling:

  • One hand on the arm, support the bottom

Lab 1: Microscope Usage

• When using:

  • Focus light on specimen, then close iris diaphragm, then look

    • Adjust light if needed

Lab 1: Microscope Anatomy

Lab 1: Letter e Slide

• Letter e slide:

  • Naked eye = normal

  • Microscope = upside down and flipped

Lab 1: Total magnification

• Ocular lens (usually 10) x (Objective lens) = total magnification

  • Example 10 × 4 (objective lens) = 40x (total magnification)

Lab 1: Diameter

• Increasing diameter = field of view decreases

Lab 1: Wet Mount

• Drop size of a penny

• 45 degree angle drop

Lab 2: Dialysis Tubing

• In bag = 1% albumin, 3% NaCl

• In solution = 0.25% starch, 1% Na2SO4

• Thesis: The larger particles will not move. Smaller ones will move. water moves from high to low concentration.

• Starch stays outside the bag, albumin stays inside the bag. Na2SO4 stays outside the bag then moves inside. NaCl will stay inside the bag then move outside the bag.

Lab 2: Methods

• Sample 4 1mL samples for the inside and outside then place into tubes

• Fill dialysis bag then weigh

• Cover bag with solution

• Rise off bag

• At 15m intervals, swirl the beaker

• Remove bag and dry, reweigh

• Take samples from inside (tubes, 1mL)

• Put liquid into beaker

  • Take samples

Lab 2: Results

• Na2SO4

  • Start: outside yes

  • End: outside yes

  • Start: inside no

  • End: inside yes

• NaCl

  • Start: outside no

  • End: outside yes

  • Start: inside yes

  • End: inside yes

• Protein

  • Start: outside none

  • End: outside none

  • Start: inside none

  • End: inside yes

• Starch

  • Start: outside yes

  • End: outside none

  • Start: inside no

  • End: inside none

Lab 2: Tests

• Add stripes to tubes. When green, protein is present

• Add 3 drops of 2% BaCl = tests for suflate

• Add 3 drops of LUGOL to tubes = tests for starch

• Add 3 drops of 5% of NaCl to tubes = test for cl ions

• Add 3 drops of silver nitrate = test for iodide ions

Lab 2.5: Spectrophotometer

• Plug in spectrophotometer, let it warm up and initialize

• Use modern interface and live display

• Blank the spectrophotometer, set to 0 A (absorbance)

• Bromophenol demonstration

  • Measure absorbance, highest absorbance at wavelength it rh optimal wavelength

    • 580

Lab 2.5 Spectrophotometer test - Concentration and Absorbance for 8 Dye Dilutions at 580nm

• Set wavelength to 580nm

• Label tubes

• Fill according to chart then chart absorbance

Lab 2.5: Charting

• Find total mg Dye = mL of dye added x dye concentration (0.02mg/ml)

  • Divide this 4 by = concentration

• Chart the concentration (x) and absorbance (y)

• Using the absorbance of the unknown, dot over to the line of best fit, go down and now you have the concentration

Lab 3: Enzymes

• Enzyme substrate complex and induced fit models are more accurate

• Puts strain on bonds to lower activation energy and form product

Lab 3: Enzyme Methods

• Fill tubes according to chart

• Adjust spectrophotometer to 0A at 470nm

• Mix tubes in pairs (start timer), place in spectrophotometer and record absorbance in 20s intervals

Lab 3: Enzyme tests

• Concentration

• pH

Lab 3: Graphs

• Graph absorbance (y) over time (s)

• Find the slope

• Graph slopes (pHs)

Lab 3: Results

• pH 5 was optimal (highest slope/increase)

Lab 4: Plants Intro

• Gymnosperm: non-flowering plants with exposed or "naked" seeds usually found on cones

• Angiosperm: flowering plants with seeds enclosed in a fruit

• Monocotyledon: one seed leaf

• Dicotyledon: two seed leaves

Lab 4: Organs, tissue, cells

• Organs

  • Roots

  • Stem

  • Leaves

• Tissues

  • Dermal

  • Vascular

  • Ground

• Cells

  • Parenchyma

  • Collenchyma

  • Sclerachyma

Lab 4: Growth

• Apical meristems: grow up

• Lateral meristem: grow in girth

• Primary: tips

• Secondary: girth

Lab 4: Plant Terms

• Xylems: regulate movement of water, growth in rings

• Phloem: outer bark, transports photosynthetic product

Lab 4: Dicot and Monocot

• Roots:

  • Monocot: Vascular bundles neatly in ring

  • Dicot: Vascular bundles scattered, vascular bundle in the center

• Leaf:

  • Monocot: small skull big skull small skull

  • Dicot: Vascular line, more open space, larvae

• Stem:

  • Monocot: Vascular bundles scattered

  • Dicot: Vascular bundles on outer ring

Lab 4: Diagram

• Xylem vessels are for bulk water transport

• Casparian strip forces water to flow through cells

• Sieve tube has no nucleus, transports sugar/water

• Pith: center

Lab 4: Stem Tip

• Apical meristem

• Lateral buds

Lab 4: Leaflet growth

• Simple grows single from lateral bud

• Compound grows leaflets extending from one compound

Lab 4: Phyllotaxy

• Alternate with buds

• Opposite with two on each side of the buds

• Whole is multiple on one bud

Lab 5: Muscle Types Smooth

• Smooth

  • lines digestive system

  • walls of blood vessel

  • spindle shaped

Lab 5: Muscle Type Cardiac

• Cardiac

  • striations, intercalated discs, single nucleus

Lab 5: Muscle Type Skeletal

• Skeletal

  • striations, multiple nuclei, cylindrical fibers

Lab 5: Muscle fiber and anatomy

Lab 5: inside the Myofibril

Lab 5: Bone

• Canaliculi - pathway

• Lacunae - cavities

• Osteocyte - bone cell in mineralized bone matrix

• Haversian canal - transmits blood vessels and fibers

• Lamellae - structural support

Lab 5: Skeleton

• Exoskeleton - spiders, crabs, beetles

  • Protection, locomotion

• Endoskeleton

Lab 5: Axial and Appendicular

• Axial: skull, vertebral column, ribs

  • Cervical (neck)

  • Thoracic (torso)

  • Lumbar (lower back)

  • Sacral (tiny lower triangle)

  • Cocyx (tail)

• Appendicular: pectoral girdle (clavicle, scapula, sternum), forelimb (humerus, radius, ulna), pelvic girdle (coxa, sacrum), hindlimb bones (femur, tibia, fibula)

Lab 5: Joint

• Ball and socket

  • Humerus and pectoral girdle

  • Femur and pelvic girdle

  • 360 degree motion

• Hinge joint

  • Limits motion to plane

    • Femur and tibia

    • Fingers

    • Fibula

    • Humerus and ulna

• Pivot joint

  • Radius and humerus

• Suture joint

  • Immovable parts of skull

  • Fused bomes of the coxa/skull

Lab 5: Labeling the Skeleton