Brain and behave 4

Negative feedback loop

Primary way our body maintains homeostasis. When something is moved away from its set point (too cold) your body will counteract it (shivering to warm you up)

Allostasis

You body anticipating the need for change and making it before it needs to. Kind of stress related. High allostasis causes heart issues and such.

Glucose vs Glycogen

Glucose is immediate, glycogen is stored.

Glucagon and Insulin

Insulin tells your body to convert excess glucose into glycogen. Glucogon tells the body to convert glycogen into glucose.

Lateral hypothalamus

Primary hub for motivating you to eat.

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

Tells you to stop eating.

Arcuate Nucleus

Similar to VMH, lesion it and you will be obese. No blood brain barrier. balances energy metabolism and reproduction

Ghrelin

Produced by stomach, hunger signal

Hunger supressing hormones

Leptin, PPY, CCK, Insulin

OVLT

No blood brain barrier, osmoreceptors, sensative to sodium levels, detects fluid levels.

Endotherms vs Ectotherms

Endo=warm Ecto=cold (blooded)

Preoptic Area of the Hypothalamus (POA)

Body temperature control

Pituitary Gland

Master gland that releases a bunch of hormone. growth, metabolism, stress response, and reproduction

Sexual Dimorphism

Male and female look different outside of genitals.

Primary vs Secondary Sex Characteristics

Primary (present since birth) Secondary appear after pubert

Brain differences between men and women

Very similar, mens are a little bigger. Men are more connected front to back brain while women are more connected left to right brain.

Mullerian vs Wolffian Systems/Ducts

Mullerian in woman Wolffian in Men. Either disintegrate depending on which sex is picked.

Helen Fisher’s Stages of Love and their relationship with hormones/neurotransmitters

1: Lust, test and est. 2: Attraction, Dopamine and Norepinephrine, less seratonin. 3: Attatchment, oxytocin, vasopressin.

Oxytocin

Love chemical, also helps with childbirth and moving sperm.

Vasopressin and Oxytocin’s impact on Prairie and Montane Voles

Parie voles have more love hormone receptors and form pair bonds. Montane voles are bops but when their brain is changed to have more love hormone receptors they become bonders.

What causes masculinization of the brain?

Testosterone and it converting into estradiol in the fetal period.

Affect

Energy/ general mood. Positive vs negative.

james-lange

Stimulus —> Physiological Response (e.g., racing heart, trembling) —> Conscious Emotion (e.g., fear)

cannon-bard

the brain triggers both the body and the mind at the exact same time.

schacter-singer

Stimulus → Physiological Response → Cognitive Appraisal→Conscious Emotion. (racing heart can mean love or anxiety depending on context)

Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex (vmPFC)

values the payoff of choices (is this worth it or not)

Amygdala

Fear part of brain.

Lateral Nucleus of Amygdala

learning part of amygdala. classical conditioning,

Basal Nucleus of Amygdala

Proceses context of fear, where and when

Central Nucleus of Amygdala

Coordinates fight or flight

dPAG vs vPAG (Periaqueductal Grays)

dPAG is involved in action (flight and fight) vPAG is involved in freezing, relaxing and pain supression.

Distress vs Eustress

Distress=Bad, demands exceed ability to cope.
Eustress=Good, energizing, you can do task

SAM System

Fast stress response, Hypothalamus → Sympathetic NS, Adrenaline and Noradrenaline. Fight or Flight

HPA Axis

Slow stress response, Hypothalamus → Pituitary Gland → Adrenal Cortex, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH), ACTH, and Cortisol (glucocorticoids).

Glucocorticoids

steroids that reduce inflamation, supress immune system, regulate glucose, protein, and fat metabolism. (cortisol)

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)

abuse, neglect, and household challenges that can traumatize children under 17.

Nonassociative learning

learning to adjust responses to a repeated stimulus.
Habituation = reduce response
Sensitization = increase response

Perforant Pathway

information entry of hippocampus. encoding, consolidating, and retrieving declarative and spatial memories.

Hebbs rule

Neurons that fire together, wire together. two connected neurons are activated at the same time, the-synapse between them grows stronger, making it easier for one neuron to trigger the other in the future

how long-term potentiation (LTP) occur

persistent strengthening of a chemical synapse following high-frequency or repeated stimulation. Glutamate is released, Ampa, nmda.

AMPA receptors

fast excitatory regulators, sodium rushes in.

NMDA receptros

slower, longer lasting signals, nueroplasticity, sodium and calcium.