History Chapter 1: The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the key terms, events, figures, and concepts from Grade 10 History Chapter 1: The Rise of Nationalism in Europe.

Absolutist

A government or system of rule that has no restraints on the power exercised, typically describing a centralized, militarized, and repressive monarchical government.

Sorrieu's Utopian Vision

A vision of an ideal society that is unlikely to exist, depicted in Frederic Sorrieu's 1848 prints showing the world's peoples grouped as distinct democratic nation-states identified by their flags and national costumes.

Nation-State

A state in which the majority of its citizens, and not only its rulers, develop a sense of common identity and shared history or descent.

Modern State

A state in which a centralized authority exercises sovereign power over a clearly defined territory.

Plebiscite

A direct vote by which all the people of a region are asked to accept or reject a specific proposal.

La Patrie and Citoyen

French concepts meaning 'the fatherland' and 'citizens', introduced during the French Revolution to emphasize the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.

Civil Code of 1804 (Napoleonic Code)

An administrative code introduced by Napoleon that abolished birth privileges, established equality before the law, secured the right to property, abolished feudal dues, and standardized weights, measures, and currency.

Habsburg Empire

An empire ruling over present-day Austria and Hungary composed of diverse regions and dialects, including German-speaking Alpine regions, Italian-speaking Lombardy and Venetia, Magyar-speaking Hungary, and Polish-speaking Galicia.

Liberalism

An ideology derived from the Latin word 'liber' (meaning free) that stood for individual freedom, equality before the law, government by consent, constitutionalism, and the end of aristocratic privileges.

Economic Liberalism

The demand by the emerging middle class for freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods, people, and capital.

Zollverein

A customs union formed by Prussia and joined by German states to abolish tariff barriers, reduce currencies, and promote economic nationalism by creating a unified economic territory.

Conservatism (Post-1815)

A political philosophy emphasizing established, traditional institutions like the monarchy, church, social hierarchies, and property, characterized by autocratic rule, intolerance of dissent, and censorship of the press.

Treaty of Vienna (1815)

A settlement drawn up by Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria, hosted by Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich, to restore monarchies overthrown by Napoleon and establish a conservative balance of power in Europe.

Giuseppe Mazzini

An Italian revolutionary born in Genoa in 1807, member of the Carbonari, and founder of Young Italy and Young Europe, who advocated for Italian liberty through unification into a single democratic republic.

July Revolution of 1830

An upheaval in France that overthrew the restored Bourbon monarchy to establish a constitutional monarchy under Louis Philippe, which subsequently sparked an uprising leading to Belgium breaking away from the Netherlands.

Treaty of Constantinople (1832)

The diplomatic treaty that officially recognized Greece as an independent nation following its war of independence against the Ottoman Empire.

Romanticism

A cultural movement that criticized the glorification of reason and science, focusing instead on emotions, intuition, and mystical feelings to develop nationalist sentiment through art, poetry, and folklore.

Das Volk

A concept popularized by German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder asserting that true national culture is to be discovered among the common people through folk songs, poetry, and dances.

Silesia Weavers' Revolt (1845)

A violent revolt of textile workers against contractors who supplied raw materials but drastically reduced finished goods payments, culminating in an attack on a contractor's mansion and the death of 11 weavers.

Frankfurt Parliament

An all-German national assembly convened on 18 May 1848 in the Church of St. Paul, where 831 elected representatives drafted a constitution for a unified Germany under a constitutional monarch.

Junkers

The large landowners of Prussia who supported the Prussian monarchy and military in repressing liberal initiatives for German unification.

Otto von Bismarck

The Chief Minister of Prussia who engineered the unification of Germany through diplomacy and three wars over seven years with Austria, Denmark, and France.

Count Camillo de Cavour

The Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia who led the diplomatic and military movement to unify Italy, successfully defeating Austrian forces in 1859 with French support.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

An Italian revolutionary and leader of the armed volunteer force known as the 'Red Shirts,' who led the Expedition of the Thousand in 1860 to liberate South Italy and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.

Act of Union (1707)

An agreement between England and Scotland that established the 'United Kingdom of Great Britain' and enabled England to impose political and cultural dominance over Scotland.

Allegory

The representation of an abstract idea, such as liberty, freedom, or justice, through a person or symbolic object, conveying both a literal and a symbolic meaning.

Marianne

The female allegory of the French nation, characterized by the red cap, tricolor cockade, and symbols representing the ideals of liberty and the republic.

Germania

The female allegory of the German nation, visually characterized by wearing a crown of oak leaves, which symbolizes German heroism.

Slavs

The broad collective name given to the diverse ethnic inhabitants of the Balkan region, which included modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia, and Montenegro.

Balkan Conflict (1871–1914)

A period of intense geopolitical instability caused by the disintegration of Ottoman control, internal Slavic rivalries, and competing European imperialist ambitions (Russia, Germany, England, Austro-Hungary) that culminated in the First World War.