All Exam 3 ex. phys. notes

Pulmonary ventilation

Breathing in and out

What’s the purpose of the respiratory system

Carry oxygen to tissues and remove carbon dioxide from tissues

How is the purpose of the ventilation system carried out by? List all.

Pulm diffusion

Pulm ventilation

Capillary diffusion

Transport of gases thru the blood

Where is the transport zone located

alveoli

Explain the process of inspirtation

It’s an active process. Diaphragm contracts, volume increases, pressure decreases, and the air flows in

Explain the process of expiration

It’s a passive process. The diaphragm contracts, the volume decreases, pressure increases, and the air flows out

List a way that ventilation and blood flow work

The respiratory pump. If the intrathoracic and intrabdominal pressure increase, veins will be compressed and push blood to the heart. If the pressure is decreased, blood will fill in the veins and flow.

How are pulmonary volume measured

Spirometry

Tidal Volume

amount of air you inhale or exhale in a normal breath

residual volume

amount of air that stays in your lungs after you exhale as much as possible

total lung capacity

max amount of air lungs can contain after taking deepest breath possible

Whats the pulm volume equation

Ve=RR x TV

RR-L/min

Ve- amount of air you breath in and out in a minute

What is air made of

Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide

partial pressure

amount of pressure contributed by one gas in a mixture

vital capacity

max amount of air you can exhale after taking deepest breath possible

What are the mechanisms of regulation in the Respiratory system

CS

-respiratory systems: located in the brainstem

-we can constantly override signals and voluntarily change your breathing

-stimulated by hydrogen and carbon dioxide

More CO2 and H detected——>Chemoreceptors detect changes——>Respiratory system in brainstem responds——>Breathing increases——> CO2 exhaled

PS

-peripheral chemoreceptors

-sensitive to blood PO2, PCO2, and Hydrogen

-mechanoreceptors

-sensitive to stretch

Explain the process of external respiration

Its gas exchange between the LUNGS AND BLOOD

Oxygen- moves from lungs to the blood

Carbon Dioxide- moves from blood to the lungs

External expiration occurs in the lungs!

Explain internal respiration

Internal respiration occurs at the tissues!

Oxygen- moves from the blood to the tissues

-Carbon dioxide moves from tissue to the blood

What is the most important factor for determining gas exchange

Partial pressure

When is gas being exchanged

During respiration

Name the factors in oxygen delivery

Oxygen concentration in the blood, blood flow, and local conditions

Give a brief description of how oxygen concentration factors into o2 delivery

It’s represented by PO2 and hemoglobin saturation and creates arterial pressure gradient for tissue exchange.

Give a brief description of how blood flow factors into o2 delivery

with a decrease in blood flow, there is decreased opportunity to deliver blood to the tissues

exercise increases blood flow to a muscle

Give a brief description of how local conditions factor into o2 delivery

They shift the O2Hb dissociation curve

A lower pH means

More acidity and more unloading from o2 needA to occur

heat means

more acidity and more oxygen from hemoglobin

Is saturation greater in the lungs or the tissues

The lungs

A rightward shift of the O2 dissociation curve means

more unloading of o2 from hemoglobin

In lungs the oxygen attaches to the Hb and the saturation______

IncreasesI

In muscles, the oxygen leaves muscle for ATP so the Hb saturation

decreases

A leftward shift of the O2 dissociation graph means

less unloading of o2

A decrease in pH and an increase in temperature will cause the unloading of O2. Why?

Exercising muscles need more blood because Hb is a protein in the RBC that carries oxygen. Exercising muscle increases in temp and acidity which makes the hemoglobin let go of the oxygen more easily

for every 100 mL of blood, hemoglobin can carry approximately

20 mL of oxygen

1L of oxygen/ 5 L of blood

What percent of oxygen is bound to hemoglobin

98%

What percent of oxygen is dissolved in the blood

2%

What is hemoglobin called when oxygen is present?

oxyhemoglobin

What is hemoglobin called with no oxygen

deoxyhemoglobin

What does hemoglobin concentration depend on

PO2 and affinity between O2 and hemoglobin

Do we unload more under acidic or non-acidic environments

acidic

CO2 is released as

Waste from cells

How is co2 carried in the blood

Bicarb ions, dissolved in plasma, or bound to hemoglobin

What percent of co2 is carried by bicarb ions

60-70%

What percent of co2 is dissolved in plasma

7-10%

What percent of co2 is bound to hemoglobin

20-33%

What is the bicarb formula

CO2 + H2O—→ H2CO3—→HCO2 + H

What is the bicarb formula backwards (in lungs)

H + HCO3 —→ H2CO3—→H20+CO2

What’s the muscle form of hemoglobin

myoglobin, it has a stronger affinity for o2 and transfers o2 in the muscle

Is it better to have upright posture for venous return to the heart?

No, gravity works against the heart

What are the 3 mechanisms of venous return

one way venous valves- prevent blood pooling and back flow

respiratory pump- pressure changes in the chest and abdomen

muscle pump- when muscles contract, they squeeze pushing blood towards the heart

arteries

are distributors

carry blood away from the heart

arteriole

regulators

regulate blood flow distributionca by vasoconstricting and vasodilation

capillaries

site of nutrient and waste exchange

venules

collect blood from the capillaries

veins

carry collected blood from venules back to the heart

true or false: all tissues need blood flow

yes; some just need more, some need less

Where blood flows is determined by

pressure gradient

pressure is determined by

heart contraction

high pressure places

left ventricle and arteries

low pressure places

vena cava, right atrium, and viens

Steeper hill means more or less blood flow

more

greater resistance means

less blood flow

parasympathetic nervous system does what to the heart rate

slows it down by depolarizing the SA node more slowly

the sympathetic nervous system does what to heart rate

increases heart rate by speeding up SA nodes depolarization

What is known as the pacemaker of the heart

SA node

What is the heart rate chain of command

-SA node: generating electrical impulse

-Atria muscle cells: receive the electrical signal and contract

- AV node: delays the signal by .13 s so ventricles can finish filling

-Bundle of His: carries signal down ventricular septum

-Purkinje Fibers: spread impulse through ventricular cells

how many chambers of the heart are there and what are they

4; right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle

The right atria

RECIEVES blood from the BODY

The left atria

RECIEVES blood from the LUNGS

the right ventricle

PUMPS blood to the LUNGS

The left ventricle

PUMPS blood to the BODY

How many ways do valves open

one way unless they’re leaky

Intrinsic Heart stuff

-heart can generate own electrical signals

-spontaneous rythmicity

-SA node acts as a pacemaker

Extrinsic heart stuff

-parasympathetic nervous system

-sympathetic nervous system

-outside the heart

according to frank and starling

what comes in must go out

EDV

how much blood is in ventricle just before contraction. it’s “filled to the brim”

ESV

how much blood is in ventricle after contraction. how much was squeezed out

ejection fraction

measure of contractility and how effective the heart is pumping

diastole makes up

2/3 of the cardiac cycle

systole makes up

1/3 of the cardiac cycle

during systole

blood is pumped out into pulm artery and aorta and ventricles contract

during diastole

the heart relaxes and ventricles fill with blood

Cardiac output is measured by

L/minute

Heart rate is measured by

beats/minute

Stroke volume is measured in

mL/beat

Acute exercise response

what response happens during/immediately after a single bout of exercise

In order to produce enough ATP for exercise to continue

exercising muscle must be able to increase metabolism

It’s all about_____production in acute responses

ATP

Acute responses rely on

the cardiovascular and respiratory system for oxygen/nutrient delivery and removal of waster products

Acute responses are accomplished in changes of

Cardiac output

blood flow

blood pressure

o2 extraction (a-vO2)

pulm. ventilation

What is the equation for VO2 max

VO2=Q(a-vO2)

What is capillary diffusion

Blood arrives at the muscles carrying oxygen. Oxygen moves from the blood into the muscle (high to low) muscles use that O2 by supporting ATP production

The o2 goes to the ETC, binds with the hydrogen to form water, driving the process of ATP

What is hemoconcentration

Concentration of blood

Use an analogy for hemoconcentration

Water=plasma

kool aide= blood

If there is less plasma, hemoconcentration is greater

What is the acute response of heart rate

Heart rate increases linearly. When HR increases, it helps increase cardiac output

What happens to cardiac output as a result of acute exercise

Cardiac output increases. Although stroke volume increases slightly then plateaus, the Heart rate keeps increasing the cardiac output

What happens to stroke volume as a result of acute exercise

It increases the plateaus. Since heart rate has increased, BPM has gone up, giving the left ventricle less time to fill

What happens to diastolic blood pressure as a result of acute exercise

stays the same and decreases slightly

What happens to systolic blood pressure as a result of acute exercise

It increases

what is the ventilation equation

Ve=RR x TV

Is ventilation a limiting force?

No