Development Across the Lifespan - Test 1 Review Exercise

These flashcards cover key concepts and theories related to human growth and development as discussed in the lecture, including perspectives on lifespan development, psychological theories, and measurement of intelligence.

Lifespan Perspective

A framework identifying ten distinct life stages.

Monozygotic Twins

Identical twins that share the same genetic makeup.

Dizygotic Twins

Fraternal twins that arise from two separate eggs fertilized by two separate sperm.

Biopsychosocial Interpretation

An approach that integrates biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding human development.

Erikson's Psychosocial Theory

A theory proposing that personality development occurs through eight distinct stages, each characterized by a specific challenge.

Positive Reinforcement

The addition of a rewarding stimulus following a desired behavior to increase the likelihood of that behavior being repeated.

Negative Reinforcement

The removal of an unpleasant stimulus following a desired behavior to increase the likelihood of that behavior being repeated.

Social Learning Theory

A theory that suggests we learn behaviors through observation and imitation of others.

Concrete Operational Stage

A stage in Piaget's theory (ages 7-11) characterized by logical reasoning about concrete objects.

Plasticity

The concept that development is flexible and can change over time, rather than being fixed.

Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory

A theory stating that learning occurs through social interaction and is influenced by culture.

Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Theory

A framework describing four levels of environmental influence on human development: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem.

Representative Sample

A subset of individuals selected from a larger population that accurately reflects the characteristics of that population.

Independent Variable

The factor manipulated or changed in an experiment to test its effects.

Dependent Variable

The factor measured in an experiment to assess the impact of the independent variable.

Naturalistic Observation

A research method involving the observation of subjects in their natural environment without interference.

Autosomes

The first 22 pairs of chromosomes in humans, not involved in determining sex.

Sex Chromosomes

The 23rd pair of chromosomes that determine an individual's sex.

Phenotype

The observable physical and behavioral characteristics of an individual, influenced by genotype and environment.

Chromosomal Abnormalities

Diseases or syndromes resulting from malfunctions in chromosome structure or number.

Teratogens

Environmental agents that can cause developmental malformations during pregnancy.

Prenatal Assessment Tools

Procedures used to monitor the health and development of a fetus, such as ultrasounds and amniocentesis.

Attachment Theory

A psychological model describing the dynamics of long-term and short-term interpersonal relationships.

Stranger Wariness

A developmental stage in infants, typically around 6 months, where they show fear or wariness towards strangers.

Gender Constancy

The understanding that gender is a fixed trait that does not change over time or in different situations.

Emotional Intelligence

The ability to understand and manage one's own emotions as well as those of others.

General Intelligence (g)

A theory proposed by John Carroll suggesting that intelligence is a single, general ability underlying various cognitive tasks.

ADHD Symptoms

Key characteristics of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, including inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.