Anatomy Lab Final Practical

Epicranius Occipitalis

Origin: occipital bone and temporal bone

Insertion: galea aponeurotica

Action: pulls scalp posterior and raises eyebrows

Epicranius Frontalis

Origin: epicranial aponeurosis

Insertion: fascia of facial muscles and skin above nose and eyes

Action: pulls scalp posterior and raises eyebrows

Oribicularis Oculi

Origin: frontal bone and maxilla

Insertion: eyelids

Action: closure of eyelids

Oribicularis Oris

Origin: maxilla, mandible, septum of nose

Insertion: angles of the mouth

Action: closure and protrusion of lips

Temporalis

Origin: temporal fossa

Insertion: mandible

Action: elevates, retracts mandible

Masseter

Origin: zygomatic process of maxilla

Insertion: mandible

Action: elevates mandible

Sternocleidomastoid

Origin: sternum and clavicle

Insertion: temporal bone

Action: flexes neck, rotate and tilt head

Platysma

Origin: subcutaneous fascia of chest

Insertion: fascia and muscles of chin and jaw

Action: depresses mandible, draws lower lip laterally

Trapezius

Origin: nuchal ligament, occipital bone, spinous processes of C7

Insertion: scapula

Action: elevates, adducts, depresses and rotates scapula; extend head

Latissimus Dorsi

Origin: spinous process of T7-T12 and L1-L5, sacrum and iliac crest

Insertion: humerus

Action: extends, adducts, and medially rotates the arm

Pectoralis Major

Origin: clavicle, sternum, ribs 1-6

Insertion: humerus

Action: flexion, adduction, and medial rotation of the arm

External Intercostals

Origin: lower margin of ribs 1-11

Insertion: superior border of inferior rib

Action: pulls ribs upward to elevate rib cage

Internal Intercostals

Origin: upper margin of ribs 2-12

Insertion: inferior border of superior rib

Action: pulls ribs downward to depress rib cage

External Obliques

Origin: ribs 5-12

Insertion: iliac crest and linea alba

Action: stabilizes abdomen, laterally flexes and rotates the spine

Internal Obliques

Origin: lumbar fascia, illium (crest)

Insertion: linea alba, ribs 11-12 and cartilage of ribs 9-10

Action: stabilizes abdomen, laterally flexes and rotates the spine

Transversus Abdominis

Origin: lumbar fascia, illium (crest), ribs 7-12

Insertion: linea alba

Action: compresses abdomen

Rectus Abdominis

Origin: pubis (crest and symphysis)

Insertion: cartilage of ribs 5-7, xiphoid process

Action: compresses abdomen, flexes the spine

Biceps Brachii (Long Head)

Origin: glenoid cavity

Insertion: radius

Action: forearm flexion and supination

Biceps Brachii (Short Head)

Origin: scapula

Insertion: radius

Action: forearm flexion and supination

Brachialis

Origin: humerus

Insertion: ulna

Action: forearm flexion

Brachioradialis

Origin: humerus

Insertion: radius

Action: flexes forearm

Triceps Brachii (Long Head)

Origin: scapula

Insertion: ulna

Action: forearm extension, allows adduction

Triceps Brachii (Lateral Head)

Origin: humerus

Insertion: ulna

Action: forearm extension

Triceps Brachii (Medial Head)

Origin: humerus

Insertion: ulna

Action: forearm extension

Deltoid

Origin: clavicle, scapula

Insertion: humerus

Action: flexes, medially/laterally rotates, abducts and extends the arm

Supraspinatus

Origin: scapula

Insertion: humerus

Action: abducts humerus, stabilizes shoulder girdle

Infraspinatus

Origin: scapula

Insertion: humerus

Action: abducts humerus, stabilizes shoulder girdle

Teres Minor

Origin: scapula

Insertion: humerus

Action: laterally rotates arm, stabilizes shoulder

Subscapularis

Origin: scapula

Insertion: humerus

Action: medially rotates arm, stabilizes shoulder

Teres Major

Origin: scapula

Insertion: humerus

Action: medially rotates, adducts and extends arm

Gluteus Maximus

Origin: illium, sacrum and coccyx

Insertion: femurs and iliotibial tract of fascia lata

Action: abducts and laterally rotates thigh; extends, laterally rotates thigh, extends trunk, adduction of thigh

Gluteus Medius

Origin: illium

Insertion: femur

Action: abducts femur and rotates thigh medially

Sartorius

Origin: iliac spine

Insertion: tibia

Action: flexes, abducts and laterally rotates thigh; flexes knee

Quadriceps Femoris (Rectus femoris)

Origin: acetabulum, iliac spine

Insertion: patella then tibia

Action: extends knee, flexes thigh

Quadriceps Femoris (Vastus Lateralis)

Origin: femur

Insertion: patella then tibia

Action: extends knee

Quadriceps Femoris (Vastus Medialis)

Origin: femur

Insertion: patella then tibia

Action: extends knee, draw patella medially

Quadriceps Femoris (Vastus Intermedius)

Origin: femur

Insertion: patella then tibia

Action: extends knee

Biceps Femoris (Long Head)

Origin: ischium

Insertion: fibula, tibia

Action: flexes and laterally rotates the knee, extends thigh

Biceps Femoris (Short Head)

Origin: femur

Insertion: fibula, tibia

Action: flexes and laterally rotates the knee, extends thigh

Semitendinosus and Semimembranosus

Origin: ischium

Insertion: tibia

Action: flexes and medially rotates knee, extends thigh

Tibialis Anterior

Origin: tibia

Insertion: medial cuneiform, metatarsal I

Action: dorsiflexion and inversion of foot

Gastrocnemius

Origin: femur

Insertion: calcaneus via calcaneal

Action: plantar flexion of foot, flexion of leg

Soleus

Origin: tibia, fibula

Insertion: calcaneus via calcaneal tendon

Action: plantar flexion

Gracilis

Origin: pubis

Insertion: tibia

Action: adducts thigh, flexes and medially rotate leg

Adductor Longus

Origin: pubis

Insertion: femur

Action: adducts, flexes thigh, medially rotates the leg

Phrenic Nerve

Controls the diaphragm and thereby respiratory ventilation.

Axillary Nerve

Controls the deltoid muscle

Radial Nerve

Extension of the hand at the level of the wrist

Median Nerve

Hand flexion and abduction, thumb and index finger abduction.

Musculocutaneous Nerve

Forearm flexion.

Ulnar Nerve

Wrist and hand muscle control.

Femoral Nerve

Leg extension and hip flexion

Sciatic Nerve

Hip extension and knee flexion

Common Fibular

Dorsiflexion of the foot

Tibial Nerve

Plantar flexion and inversion of the foot

Gluteal Nerve

Hip extension, abduction, and rotation of the thigh

Olfactory Nerve Function

ONE. Nerves of smell descending from olfactory bulbs (sensory)

Optic Nerve Function

TWO. Nerve of vision; outgrowth of brain and is therefore actually a brain tract. Converge to form the optic chiasma where fibers partially cross over (sensory)

Oculomotor Nerve Function

THREE. Nerves for four of six extrinsic eye muscles (motor)

Trochlear Nerve Function

FOUR. Nerves of superior oblique muscle of eye (motor)

Trigeminal Nerve Function

FIVE. Sensory: skin of face, eyes, mucosae of mouth and nose

Motor: jaw muscles

Abducens Nerve Function

SIX. Supplying extrinsic lateral rectus muscle of the eye (motor)

Facial Nerve Function

SEVEN. Facial expression, taste, activates salivary and lacrimal glands (both)

Vestibulocochlear Nerve Function

EIGHT. Supplying inner ear for balance (vestibular branch) and hearing (cochlear branch) (sensory)

Glossopharyngeal Nerve Function

NINE. Supplying the throat and tongue for swallowing (motor) and taste/sensory impulses (sensory)

Vagus Nerve Function

TEN. Supplying throat as well as heart and abdominal viscera. Only cranial nerve to extend beyond the head and neck region (both)

Accessory Nerve Function

ELEVEN. Supplying the larynx, pharynx, soft palate, and neck muscles (motor)

Hypoglossal Nerve Function

TWELVE. Supplying the tongue allowing food mixing and speech (motor)

Astrocyte

Chemical recyclers in the brain removing neurotransmitters from synapses. Controls the chemical environment among the neurons.

Microglial Cells

Remove damaged tissue following an injury. They also remove harmful pathogens through phagocytosis.

Oligodendrocytes (CNS) and Schwann Cells (PNS)

Serves through myelination of long axonal fibers. They ensure timely propagation and transmission of action potentials among the neurons in communication.

Ependymal Cells

Line the ventricles in the brain ensuring the circulation of cerebral spinal fluid throughout the central nervous system.

Neuron

A receptor that is specialized in detecting or sensing a certain type of stimuli and then relays that information through a collection of neurons called nerves to the brain or spinal cord.

General Senses

Can be detected throughout the entire body and lack specialized sense organs. Touch (tactile), light pressure (baroreceptors), temperature (thermoreceptors), pain (nociceptors), and general body position (proprioceptors).

Special Senses

Only detected in one area of the body via specialized organs. Smell (olfaction), taste (gustation), hearing (audition), balance (equilibrium), and vision.

OIfactory Chemoreceptors

Located in the roof of the nasal cavity and the average human can distinguish between 2,000 and 4,000 different odors.

Eight Primary Odors That Humans Can Detect

Putrid (rotten eggs, opossum, or skunk spray), pungent (vinegar), minty (peppermint), floral (rose), musky (human sweat), ethereal (solvents), camphoraceous (eucalyptus), and fishy (fish).

Taste Chemoreceptors

Located in the taste buds located on the tongue, inside of the cheeks, and on the soft palate plus pharynx, and epiglottis.

Papillae

Bumps in the oral cavity.

Foliate Papillae

Found on the sides of the tongue. Transmit a stronger sour and bitter taste signal.

Circumvallate Papillae

Located near the back of the tongue. Transmit a stronger bitter taste signal.

Fungiform Papillae

Found all over the tongue. Transmits salty and umami at a stronger strength.

Five Primary Tastes

Sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami.

Rods

Detect light and are concentrated on the outer areas of the retina, giving us peripheral vision.

Cones

Ability to see color.

Fovea

Small depression in the retina where a high concentration of rods and cones are found, this is the center field of vision.

Snellen Test

A visual acuity test where you read a chart of letters or symbols from a certain distance.

Cornea

A clear tissue that covers the anterior chamber, the pupil, and the iris of the eye.

Astigmatism

If the shape of the cornea is distorted or irregular, then the light is refracted unevenly across the retina, in front of or behind the fovea, and results in blurred vision.

Mechanoreceptors

Detect audition and equilibrium via changes in forces like vibrations.

Vestibular Apparatus

Areas with hair-like fibers surrounded by liquid that detect equilibrium.

Exteroreceptors

A sensory receptor that receives external stimuli

Interoceptors/Visceroceptors

A sensory receptor that receives stimuli from within the body, especially from the gut and other internal organs.

Proprioceptors

A sensory receptor that receives stimuli from within the body, especially one that responds to position and movement.

Vertigo

A sensation of whirling and loss of balance, associated particularly with looking down from a great height, or caused by disease affecting the inner ear of the vestibular nerve.

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

Located in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe. Posterior to the central sulcus. Main sensory receptive area for the sense of touch and body awareness.

Somatosensory Association Cortex

Located in the posterior parietal cortex and is directly behind the primary somatosensory cortex. Responsible for higher-order processing of tactile and spatial information received from the primary somatosensory cortex.

Primary Motor Cortex

Located in the precentral gyrus, directly anterior to the central sulcus. Generates and executes voluntary movement.

Premotor Cortex

Located anterior to the primary motor cortex. Helps with movement.

Broca’s Area

Small circle area on the side of the brain. Responsible for speech production and language processing.