Unit 3 AP human geo

Culture

The shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and traditions of a group of people.

Cultural traits

Individual parts of a culture, such as language, clothing, food, religion, and traditions.

Cultural complex

A group of related cultural traits that work together to form a cultural practice or tradition.

Socialization

The process of learning the beliefs, values, behaviors, and customs of a society.

Cultural hearth

The place where a cultural idea, trait, or innovation originally develops.

Taboos

Behaviors or actions that a culture considers unacceptable or forbidden.

Indigenous culture

The original culture of people who have lived in a region for generations, often before outside groups arrived.

Sense of place

The feelings, meanings, and connections people have toward a particular location.

Cultural Regions

Areas where people share common cultural traits, such as language, religion, or traditions.

Formal Regions

Areas defined by one or more shared characteristics that are consistent throughout the region.

Functional Regions

Areas organized around a central point or node that connects surrounding places through movement or communication.

Perceptual/Vernacular Regions

Areas defined by people's feelings, opinions, and cultural identity rather than official boundaries.

Cultural Landscape

The visible impact of human culture on the physical environment, including buildings, roads, and religious structures.

Cultural borders

Boundaries that separate areas with different cultural characteristics.

Globalization

The increasing connection and interaction of people, cultures, and economies around the world.

Globalized culture

Cultural ideas, products, and practices that spread around the world and become widely shared.

Time-space compression

The shrinking of travel and communication time between places because of improvements in technology and transportation.

Gender Roles in culture

Social expectations about the behaviors and responsibilities of people based on gender.

Diffusion of Culture

The spread of cultural beliefs, ideas, and practices from one place or group to another.

Relocation diffusion

The spread of culture when people physically move to a new location and bring their culture with them.

Expansion diffusion

The spread of a cultural trait outward from its original location while remaining strong in its place of origin.

Contagious diffusion

The rapid spread of a cultural trait from person to person across a population.

Hierarchical diffusion

The spread of a cultural trait from important people or major places to others.

Reverse Hierarchical diffusion

The spread of a cultural trait from smaller or less influential groups or places to larger or more influential ones.

Stimulus diffusion

The spread of an underlying idea when the original idea is changed or adapted by another culture.

Acculturation

The process in which a group adopts some traits of another culture while keeping parts of its original culture.

Assimilation

The process in which a group adopts the dominant culture and loses many of its original cultural traits.

Multiculturalism

The presence and acceptance of multiple cultures within one society.

Nativism

The belief that the interests and culture of native-born inhabitants should be favored over those of immigrants.

Ethnocentrism

The belief that one's own culture is superior to or should be used to judge other cultures.

Xenophobia

Fear, dislike, or prejudice toward people from other countries or cultures.

Resistance to Globalization

Actions taken by people or groups to protect local cultures and traditions from outside influences.

Placelessness

The loss of unique local characteristics when places become more similar due to globalization.

Language

A system of communication using spoken, written, or signed symbols and rules.

Linguists

People who scientifically study language, including its structure, history, and development.

Institutionalized language

A language officially recognized or used by governments, schools, or other major institutions.

Developing language

A language that is still growing and changing, often gaining new speakers or uses.

Literary tradition

A language's history of written works, such as books, poems, and religious texts.

Vigorous language

A language that is actively spoken and passed down to younger generations.

Language families (language tree)

Groups of languages that developed from a common ancestral language, often shown in a branching tree.

Sino-Tibetan family

A major language family that includes Chinese languages and Tibetan.

Indo-European language branches

Groups of languages that developed from the Indo-European language family, including Germanic, Romance, Indo-Iranian, and Balto-Slavic.

Germanic

A branch of Indo-European languages that includes English, German, and Dutch.

Romance

A branch of Indo-European languages that developed from Latin and includes Spanish, French, Italian, and Portuguese.

Indo-Iranian

A branch of Indo-European languages that includes Hindi, Urdu, Persian, and Bengali.

Balto-Slavic

A branch of Indo-European languages that includes Russian, Polish, Ukrainian, Lithuanian, and Latvian.

Diffusion of English

The spread of English around the world through colonization, trade, migration, and globalization.

Accents

Differences in pronunciation that show where or how a person speaks.

Dialects

Regional or social varieties of a language that may differ in pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar.

Isoglosses

Boundaries that separate areas where different language features or words are used.

Adages

Common sayings or expressions that communicate a general truth or piece of advice.

Lingua Franca

A common language used by people who speak different native languages to communicate.

Slang

Informal words or expressions used by particular groups or communities.

Pidgin languages

Simplified languages that develop when groups without a common language need to communicate.

Creole languages

Languages that develop when a pidgin becomes a community's native language and gains a fuller vocabulary and grammar.

Toponyms

Place names that often reveal information about a location's history, culture, or physical geography.

Official languages

Languages recognized by a government for use in official documents, laws, and public institutions.

Endangered languages

Languages at risk of disappearing because fewer people speak or pass them down.

Isolated languages

Languages that have no known relationship to any other language family.

Extinct languages

Languages that no longer have any living native speakers.

Religion

A system of beliefs and practices related to spirituality, worship, and the meaning of life.

Regional Religious Patterns in the United States

The distribution of religions across the United States, influenced by settlement, immigration, and historical patterns.

Religious patterns and distributions worldwide

The geographic distribution of religions around the world, shaped by history, migration, and cultural diffusion.

Religious diffusion

The spread of religious beliefs and practices from one place or group to another.

Neolocalism

The revival or promotion of local culture, traditions, and identity in response to globalization.

Monotheism

The belief in one god.

Polytheism

The belief in multiple gods.

Hinduism

A major religion that originated in South Asia and includes beliefs such as karma, dharma, and reincarnation.

Buddhism

A religion founded in South Asia by Siddhartha Gautama that focuses on ending suffering and reaching enlightenment.

Judaism

A monotheistic religion that originated in the Middle East and is based on the teachings and traditions of the Jewish people.

Christianity

A monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.

Islam

A monotheistic religion based on the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad and the holy book called the Quran.

Animism

The belief that natural objects and elements of nature, such as animals, plants, and rivers, have spiritual importance or spirits.

Ethnic religion

A religion closely connected to a particular ethnic group or culture and usually concentrated in a specific region.

Universalizing religion

A religion that seeks to spread its beliefs and gain followers around the world.

The Diaspora

The movement or scattering of a group of people away from their original homeland.

Pilgrimage

A journey to a place considered sacred or spiritually important.

Influences of Colonialism, Imperialism, and trade on religion

These processes spread religions to new regions through conquest, settlement, trade, and cultural interaction.

Religion and the Landscape

The ways religion shapes places through buildings, sacred sites, monuments, burial grounds, and other cultural features.

Ethnicity (Unit IV)

A shared cultural identity based on common ancestry, language, traditions, history, or heritage.

Race (Unit IV)

A socially constructed category based on physical characteristics that societies use to group people.

Nationality (Unit IV)

A person's legal membership or connection to a particular country.

Charter group (Unit IV)

The first ethnic group to establish a community or settlement in a particular area.

Ethnic islands (Unit IV)

Small areas where members of a particular ethnic group are concentrated within a larger surrounding population.

Ethnoburb (Unit IV)

A suburban area with a significant concentration of residents from one or more ethnic groups.

Ethnic neighborhoods (Unit IV)

Areas within cities where people from a particular ethnic group live and maintain cultural traditions.

Ethnic enclaves (Unit IV)

Geographic areas where a particular ethnic group is concentrated and maintains its own cultural businesses, institutions, and traditions.

Sequent occupance (Unit IV)

The idea that different groups occupy a place over time, with each group leaving cultural influences on the landscape.

Ethnic distribution in the United States (Unit IV)

The geographic pattern of where different ethnic groups live throughout the United States.

Ethnic Migration (Unit IV)

The movement of people from one place to another based partly on shared ethnic identity, family connections, or community networks