Protein Synthesis - Biology

Transcription

the process of creating a duplicate single strand from the DNA strand.

First step of transcription

unzip the DNA strand, then build the DNA strand.

Found on the mRNA strand and are in sets of 3 nucleotides

Codons

Found on the tRNA strand

anticodons

Brings the amino acid and match its anticodons with the mRNA codon strands

tRNA’s function

The 3 types of RNA

Messanger (mRNA), Ribosomal (rRNA), and transfer (tRNA)

Central Dogma

DNA to RNA to Protein

DNA’s shape vs RNA’s Shape

Double stranded vs. Single stranded

DNA’s sugar vs. RNA’s sugar

Deoxyribose vs Ribose

DNA’s Nitrogen base vs RNA’s

ATCG vs AUCG

location of RNA

in or out of the nucleus

Function of DNA

stores genetic information and instructions for protein synthesis

Function for RNA

Transports genetic information from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis.

Translation

Occurs in the Cytoplasm where ribosomes synthesize proteins from mRNA.

Mutation

Any cchange to the sequence of DNA

Mutagen

Anything that causes a mutation

Frameshift mutation

a genetic mutation caused by the insertion or deletion of nucleotides in a DNA sequence, resulting in a shift in the reading frame.

Point mutation (substitution)

a type of mutation where a single nucleotide is changed to another nucleotide in the DNA sequence, which can affect one amino acid in the protein.

Missense mutation

type of point mutation that results in the substitution of one amino acid for another in the protein, may have little effect.

Nonsense mutation

type of point mutation that makes the protein shorter than normal and typically does not function normally.

Silent Mutation

Type of point mutation that does not cause a change to the amino acid sequence.

Gene

section of DNA that codes for a protein, organisms can switch them on and off

Cell differentiation

Caused by gene expression. Unspecialized cells become specialized in structure and function.

Order of how cells are specialized from stem cells

Environmental Factors are triggered, internal or external. Gene expression occurs (genes are turned on/off). Cells differentiate and become specialized cells due to different proteins being made.

Introns

non-coding sections of an RNA transcript that are transcribed but removed during mRNA processing.

Exons

sections of DNA or RNA that code for proteins

How do environmental factors affect cell differentiation?

Environmental factors (such as temperature, nutrients, and chemical signals) can influence how cells develop and specialize into different types of cells.

How does cell differentiation happen

Most cells in your body contain the same DNA, but they don't all use the same genes. Different genes are turned on or off, causing cells to develop different structures and functions.