Cell Adaptation, injury, pathophysiology and death

What is General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)?

Systemic adaptation to exposure to a stressor resulting in physical manifestations that are coordinated and interdependent

What are the three stages of GAS?

Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion

How does stress lead to adaptive changes or maladaptive changes, disease, and cell death.

Stress causes cells to adapt when the stress is mild or temporary, allowing them to maintain normal function. If stress is severe or prolonged, the cells may develop maladaptive changes, leading to disease, cell injury, and eventually cell death.

Explain how negative feedback works and it’s used by the body as a rapid acting
adaptive change

The body detects a change and activates a response that reverses or reduces the change, returning the body toward normal (homeostasis). It is a rapid adaptive response used to maintain stable internal conditions.

What are the factors affecting an individual’s ability to adapt to stressors?

nutrition, hardiness, genetics and age, psychosocial factors, sleep-wake cycles, physiologic reserve, rapidity with which need for adaptation occurs

Define Disease

any process that causes the inability of an individual to adapt to their enviorment and maintain homeostasis

Define Pathophysiology

the study of disease processes that change the normal structure and function of the human
body

Define etiology

The cause of a particular disease, Includes both intrinsic and extrinsic factors

idiopathic disease

a medical condition that has no known cause (ex. Alzheimer’s)

atrophy

the partial or complete wasting away, shrinking, or loss of strength of a body part, tissue, or organ

cachexia

a severe medical condition that causes extreme weight loss, muscle wasting, and physical weakness because of a serious underlying disease

hypertrophy

when cells grow larger and make a body part or tissue bigger

hyperplasia

an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue, which can cause that body part to grow larger

metaplasia

the process where one type of mature cell is replaced by a different type of mature cell in response to chronic stress or irritation

dysplasia

the abnormal growth or development of cells, tissues, or bone in the body

Anaplasia

when cells lose their specialized features and return to a primitive, unspecialized state

Neoplasia

Abnormal, uncontrolled growth of tissue

incidence

# of new cases in a population at risk during a specific time

Morbidity

Effects the disease has on a person’s life, Looks at the persistence of a disease and
the long-term consequences

prevalence

# of cases of a disease/current population

Mortality

The death-causing ability of a disease

Epidemiology

Study of disease occurrence in populations, Looks for patterns and tries to make predictions

Degenerative

caused by wear and tear, aging or trauma

A 20-year-old college student has presented to her campus medical clinic for a scheduled Papanicolaou (Pap) smear. The clinician who will interpret the smear will examine cell samples for

changes in cell shape, size, and organization

unlike the tissue growth that occurs with hypertrophy and hyperplasia, the growth of a malignancy is:

autonomous

which process is associated with cellular injury and is most likely to be reversible?

cell damage resulting from accumulation of fat in the cytoplasm

which of the following patients is most likely to experience impaired wound healing?

A patient with a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes and a history of poor blood sugar control

A diabetic patient has impaired sensation, circulation, and oxygenation of his feet. He steps on a piece of glass, the wound does not heal, and the area tissue becomes necrotic. The necrotic cell death is characterized by:

cellular rupture

ischemia and other toxic injuries increase the accumulation of intracellular calcium as a result of

release of stored calcium from the mitochondria

a lung biopsy and magnetic resonance imaging have confirmed the presence of a benign lung tumor in a patient. Which of the following characteristics are associated with this patient's neoplasm?

The tumor will grow by expansion and is likely encapsulated.

Benign tumor

an abnormal mass of cells that is not cancerous

A public health nurse has cited a reduction in cancer risk among the many benefits of maintaining a healthy body-mass index. Which of the following facts underlies the relationship between obesity and cancer?

Obesity can cause inflammation and hormonal changes that are associated with cancer.

Because of their rapid growth, malignant tumors affect area tissues by:

liberating enzymes and toxins

malignant tumor

an abnormal mass of tissue that is cancerous and can invade nearby tissues or spread to other parts of the body

Paraneoplastic syndromes are manifestations of cancer that often result from:

Inappropriate hormone release.

which of the following represents the correct order of the phases of the cell cycle?

G1 → S → G2 → M

What is division of cytoplasm called?

Cytokinesis

which of the following represents the correct order of the phases of mitosis?

Prophase → metaphase → anaphase → telophase

T OR F: DNA replication occurs in mitosis

false

T OR F: mitosis and cytoplasmic division result from the formation of two genetically identical cells

true

what is not a characteristic of cancer cells?

readily undergo apoptosis

a patient has a prolonged interruption in arterial blood flow to his left kidney, causing hypoxic cell injury and the release of free radicals. free radicals damage cells by:

Destroying phospholipids in the cell membrane.

Free radicals

cause cellular injury and disease when an excess of reactive molecules creates destructive oxidative stress.

Cancer may result from activation of ______ to _____ and/or the inactivation of ____ genes

proto-oncogenes, oncogenes, tumor suppressor

proto-oncogenes

normal genes that help cells grow, divide, and stay alive, but they can turn into cancer-causing genes if they mutate

oncogenes

a mutated gene that turns a healthy cell into a cancer cell by causing it to grow and divide out of control

tumor suppressor

a protective gene that acts like the brakes on a car to control cell growth and prevent cancer

characteristics of apoptosis

• tightly regulated process

• shrinking of cytoplasm and condensation of nucleus

• individual cells are affected

• involves enzymes

A 70-year-old male patient has been admitted to a hospital for the treatment of a recent hemorthagic stroke that has left him with numerous motor and sensory deficits. These deficits are most likely the result of which of the following mechanisms of cell injury?

hypoxia and ATP depletion

the entrinsic pathway of apoptosis can be initiated by:

activation of death receptors on the cell surface

Why does hypoxia and/or ischemia lead to an increase in cell volume

sodium is retained in the cell and water follows sodium

the number of cells is regulated by:

rate of cell division and rate of cell death

A patient with severe peripheral vascular disease has developed signs of dry gangrene on the great toe of one foot. Which of the following pathophysiologic processes most likely contributed to this diagnosis:

Impaired arterial blood supply

What cellular adaptations may be associated with the development of malignancy?

hypertrophy and dysplasia

the patient is found to have liver disease, resulting in the removal of a love of his live. adaption to the reduced size of the liver leads to ___ of the remaining liver cells

compensatory hyperplasia

An 89-year-old female patient has experienced significant decreases in her mobility and stamina during a 3-week hospital stay for the treatment of a femoral head fracture. Which of the following phenomena most likely accounts for the patient's decrease in muscle function that underlies her reduced mobility?:

disuse atrophy of muscle cells during a prolonged period of immobility

the primary function of p53 protein is to:

promote apoptosis

patient has experienced a myocardial infarction with accompanying necrosis of cardiac muscle, a permanent tissue. What are the ramifications of the fact that cardiac muscle is a permanent tissue?

The cells will not proliferate and will be replaced with scar tissue

Injured cells become very swollen as a result of:

altered cell volume regulation

The extrinsic pathway of apoptosis can be initiated by:

Activation of death receptors on the cell surface.