Anatomy and Physiology first test (Unit 1)

garcia class, Anatomy vs. physiology, Levels of organization, Basic information about body systems, Survival needs and situations, Anatomical and positional words, Organ systems summary, Body regions, Body planes, Body cavities

Anatomy vs Physiology

Anatomy: The study of the positioning of body structures

Physiology: The study of the functions of those body structures

Levels of Organization

Atom, Molecule, Macromolecule, Organelle, Cell, Tissue, Organ (system), Organism

Skeletal System

provides support and protection, gives body shape

Nervous system

detects impulses from sense, control center

Cardiovascular/Circulatory System

Transports nutrients and gases around the body

Respiratory System

Exchanges gases (O2 and CO2)

Digestive System

Break down and absorb nutrients in intenstines

Muscular System

Provides movement for all parts of the body, internally and externally

Integumentary System

protects body, regulates temp, prevents water loss

Lymphatic System

fights infection and provides fluid for cells

Excretory System

removes waste from the blood (urine)

Endocrine System

Secretes hormones and regulates body functions

Reproductive System

Produces cells using sexual reproduction

Survival needs

Nutrients, Water, Atmospheric pressure, temperature, Oxygen

Characteristics of life/Necessary Life Functions

Maintain Boundaries(separate internal/external), Movement, Responsiveness, Digestion, Metabolism, Excretion, Reproduction, Growth

Superior

a part above another part (thoracic cavity is superior to the abdominopelvic cavity)

Inferior

a part is below another part (neck is inferior to the head)

Anterior/Ventral

toward the front (the eyes are anterior/ventral to the brain)

Posterior/Dorsal

toward the back (the pharynx is posterior to the oral cavity)

Medial

an imaginary midline dividing the body into equal right and left halves, a part is medial if its closer to the midline than another part (nose is medial to the eyes)

Lateral

towards the sides, away from the midline (the ears are lateral to the nose)

Proximal

a part nearer to the center of the body or closer to the point of attachment or origin (the elbow is proximal to the wrist)

Distal

The opposite of proximal, a body part is farther from the center of the body or the point of attachment (fingers are distal to the wrist)

Mid saggital Plane

Dividing by slicing it into left and right halves

Cranial/frontal/coronal plane

splitting into an anterior and exterior

transverse plane

split into superior and inferior halves

Meninges

Membranes that protect the Dorsal body cavities

Serosa

Protect ventral body cavities (double layered) (has a different name depending on which cavity)

Parts of Serosa

the outer layer aka parietal serosa and inner layer aka visceral (organ) serosa, between the layers is a fluid aka serous fluid

Dorsal Body Cavity

Brain, Spinal Cord

Ventral Body Cavities

Thoracic, Abdominal, Pelvic

Abdominal Cavity

contains very important internal organs and is divided into quadrants (right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, lower right quadrant, lower left quadrant) or regions

Abdominal Cavity regions

right hypochondriac region, epigastric region, left hypochondriac region, right lumbar region, umbilical region, left lumbar region, right iliac region, hypogastric region, left iliac region

Thoracic Cavity parts

superior mediastinum, Pleural cavity, pericardial cavity

what cavity

Cranial cavity

what cavity (open image)

Vertebral cavity

what cavity (open image)

Dorsal Cavity

what cavity

Thoracic (superior mediastinum, pleural cavity, pericardial)

what cavity

Abdominal Cavity

what cavity

Pelvic cavity

what cavity

Abdominopelvic Cavity

what cavity (open image)

Ventral Body Cavity

Muscular Tissue

movement of skeleton, beating of heart, movement of food through digestion system

Connective tissue

makes up bone, cartilage and blood, connects organs together

Nervous Tissue

conducts electrical impulses through the brain, spinal cord, glands

Epithelial Tissue

makes up skin, lining of internal pathways and glands

what makes different types of tissues/cells/etc function in different ways?

STRUCTURE

Structure determines function

Parts of the Cell

nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, centrioles, vacuoles, cell membrane, cytoplasm

nucleus

control center, contains genetic info (DNA and RNA)

endoplasmic reticulum

synthesizes proteins and ships them around the cell (can be smooth or rough)

Rough = protein synthesis through endo ret)

Smooth = lipid synthesis through endo ret)

mitochondria

converts food into ATP (energy) organ where cellular respiration happens (oxygen and sugar from blood)

Mitochondria uses oxygen and sugar → produces ATP and Heat

golgi apparatus

transports material around the cell in sacs called vesicles

lysosomes

breaks down waste

centrioles

aid in cell division

vacuoles

store nutrients and water

cell membrane

keeps stuff inside and keeps others outside, gate keeper SEMI IMPERMEABLE

cytoplasm

gel like fluid in cell, holds everything in place

Principle of complementarity

the function of a cell is dependent on the structure of that cell

Totipotent cell

when a single cell has the potential to form all the cells in an entire organism (Toti = whole/total) (use larger portion of genes compared to other specialized cells)

blastocyst

few days after cell (egg and sperm) fertilizes, the single cell dives into a ball of cells

pluripotent

can differentiate into many types of specialized cells but they cannot form a whole organism

unipotent

as blastocyst continue to divide the cells become more and more specialized, aka UNIPOTENT (uni = one) can only create more of their own type (divided and specialized more so they use less of their genetic material compared to totipotent)

epigenetics

ability to regulate the expression of certain genes

homoeostasis

body’s ability to preserve stable internal conditions (equilibrium = equal) when external environment changes

negative feedback loop

helps body maintain homeostasis by reducing changes in the body to bring it back to balance (too hot → sweating/cooling) (frequent)

positive feedback loop

continue to drive body further away from its typical state (infrequent) (ex: giving birth)

Control of Homeostasis

Receptor - reacts to/recognizes a stimulus and sends info to control center through a afferent pathway

Control Center - determines what response is needed, sends signal to effector through an efferent pathway

Effector - drives reaction, does whats needed to reach balance

how many chromosomes and chromosome pairs are in the genetic material of body cells

46 chromosomes and 23 pairs made of DNA and contained in the nucleus

What is the Shape of DNA

A double helix (looks like a twisted ladder)

What is DNA made of?

side of the ladder are made of sugar and phosphate molecules

rungs (ladder steps) are made of nitrogen bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine)

Principle of Base pairing

A (Adenine) ALWAYS bonds with T (thymine)

C (cytosine) ALWAYS bonds with G (guanine)

How are proteins created

gene (IN DNA) codes for all proteins through transcription and translation

Protein Transcription

converting DNA code into mRNA message (DNA → TRANSCRIPTION→ mRNA) (transcription - you transcribe the same language into a different form ex: speech → text)

Protein Translation

Convert mRNA into a protein (mRNA → translation → Protein) (translating changes it to a different language so same with this, change from RNA to Protein)

mRNA base pairing rule change

in RNA there is no T (thymine) so it gets replaced by U (uracil)

A (Adenine) ALWAYS bonds with U (Uracil)

C (cytosine) ALWAYS bonds with G (guanine)

mRNA to Protein translation process

mRNA strand leaves cell’s nucleus and heads to the ribosome where proteins are made, starting at start codon (first set of 2 mRNA bases), tRNA (thing that translates) molecules bring in amino acids that match with the codons on the mRNA

amino acids link together into a polypeptide chain which folds into a PROTEIN

stop codons

UAG, UGA, UAA (when they show up, the entire translating process stops)

Why do Cells have to divide?

when a cell is too large, the process of bringing in nutrients and removing waste becomes inefficient and too expensive, to prevent this cells divide on a regular cycle

Mitosis

period of DIVISION in somatic (body) cells (ALL NON REPRODUCTIVE CELLS)

Mitosis process

division of the chromosomes and then cytoplasm, one parent cell makes 2 IDENTICAL daughter cells

Meiosis

Period of division in sex cells (gametes) (IN ALL REPRODUCTIVE CELLS)

Meiosis process

1 parent cell makes 4 different daughter cells

What happens when cells need to move things in and out

cell membrane (semi permeable) allows some substances to pass through and blocks others

(made of lipids which are hydrophobic and therefore keeping other liquids or substances out)

Passive Transport

Transport that does NOT require energy, move naturally from HIGH concentration to LOW concentration (no energy needed to do that)

DIFFUSION of substances and OSMOSIS (diffusion of water) are both passive transport processes

Active Transport

larger molecules must be helped/facilitated across the membrane by channels made of proteins, goes from LOW concentration to HIGH concentration, this is going against the natural process and so therefore REQUIRES energy

ENDOCYTOSIS: moving into cell (uses energy cause membrane has to open)

EXOCYTOSIS: moving out of cell

Facilitated Diffusion

uses a transporter or protein channel to move HIGH concentration into LOW (passive transport)

Simple Diffusion

it crosses the membrane (diffusion) High concentration into Low (passive transport)

Why have meiosis and mitosis?

mitosis makes identical body cells for growth and repair, while meiosis makes unique sex cells for reproduction

Concentration Gradients

the difference in the concentration of a substance between two connected areas - if it goes with the grain (high → low concentration, no energy) or against (low → high concentration, energy used)

metabolism vs maintaining balance

Metabolism is the chemical engine that powers your cells, while maintaining balance (homeostasis and energy balance) is the regulatory goal that keeps those processes stable

Cell Cycle

interphase → pmat (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase) phase AKA Mitosis or Meiosis (Meiosis compared to mitosis has one more pmat phase)