AP Human Geography Population

Population Geography

The study of where people live, how populations change, and their relationship to resources and development.

Uneven Population Distribution

Population is concentrated in habitable and productive areas while being scarce in harsh environments.

Population Measures

Indicators such as density, birth and death rates, fertility, mortality, life expectancy, and migration.

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

Describes the changes in birth and death rates as societies develop.

Migration Influences

Shaped by push and pull factors, barriers, government policies, and social/economic conditions.

Population and Resource Link

Population growth is linked to resource supply, with technology and agricultural changes affecting sustainability.

Demography

The study of population characteristics.

Ecumene

The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.

Carrying Capacity

The ability of a resource base to support a population.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

Annual live births per 1,000 people.

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

Annual deaths per 1,000 people.

Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)

Population growth from births minus deaths, excluding migration; calculated as CBR minus CDR.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children born per woman over her lifetime.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

Rate of deaths among infants younger than one year, typically measured per 1,000 live births.

Life Expectancy

Average number of years a newborn is expected to live under current mortality conditions.

Population Pyramid

A bar graph showing the distribution of a population by age and sex.

Dependency Ratio

The ratio of people considered too young or too old to work compared to the working-age population.

Sex Ratio

The number of males per 100 females in a population.

Push Factor

A factor that encourages people to leave their current location.

Pull Factor

A factor that attracts people to a new location.

Migration Transition

Describes changes in migration patterns linked to social and economic changes that accompany demographic transition.

Thomas Malthus

Proposed that population growth could outpace food production, leading to potential crises.

Paul Ehrlich

Authored 'The Population Bomb,' predicting widespread famine due to overpopulation.

Ester Boserup

Argued that population growth drives more intensive agricultural production.

Anti-natalist Policies

Policies aimed at reducing fertility rates, such as promoting contraception.

Pro-natalist Policies

Policies aimed at encouraging population growth, often due to concerns about a declining population.

Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs)

Individuals forced to leave their homes but remain within their own country.

Refugees

Individuals whose claim for protection from persecution has been accepted and cannot return home.

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

Summarizes common patterns in migration, including that most migrants travel short distances and are typically younger adults.