AQA GCSE Chemistry: Bonding, Structure, and the Properties of Matter

Comprehensive fill-in-the-blank practice flashcards covering chemical bonds, ionic, covalent, and metallic structures, carbon allotropes, bulk properties, and nanoparticles according to AQA GCSE Chemistry Topic 2 specifications.

Substances in which two or more elements are chemically combined are known as __________.

compounds

The three types of strong chemical bonds are ionic, covalent, and __________.

metallic

During ionic bonding, metal atoms lose electrons to become __________ charged ions.

positively

This dot and cross diagram represents electron transfer during the formation of the ionic compound __________.

sodium chloride

Ions produced by metals in Groups $1$ and $2$ and non-metals in Groups $6$ and $7$ gain full outer electron shells, giving them the electronic structure of a __________.

noble gas

An ionic compound consists of a giant structure held together by strong __________ forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions.

electrostatic

In this giant ionic lattice diagram of sodium chloride, the smaller blue particles represent $Na^+$ and the larger green particles represent __________.

$$Cl^-$$

A covalent bond forms when pairs of electrons are __________ between atoms.

shared

The metallic bonding diagram shows a regular lattice of positive ions surrounded by a sea of __________.

delocalised electrons

The particle arrangements shown illustrate the three states of matter: solid, liquid, and __________.

gas

Limitations of the simple particle model include that there are no forces between particles, all particles are represented as spheres, and the spheres are __________.

solid

In chemical equations, an aqueous solution is represented by the state symbol __________.

$$(aq)$$

Ionic compounds conduct electricity when melted or dissolved in water because the ions are __________.

free to move and carry current

When substances consisting of small molecules melt or boil, it is the weak __________ that are broken, not the covalent bonds.

intermolecular forces

Substances that consist of small molecules do not conduct electricity because they have no overall __________.

electric charge

Polymers are solids at room temperature because the intermolecular forces between polymer molecules are relatively __________.

strong

The reaction diagram displays the formation of a polymer from ethene to __________.

poly(ethene)

Alloys are harder than pure metals because different sized atoms distort the regular layers, making it harder for the layers to __________.

slide over each other

Metals are good conductors of thermal energy and electricity because charge and energy are carried through the structure by __________.

delocalised electrons

In the diamond structure shown, each carbon atom is covalently joined to __________ other carbon atoms.

$$4$$

Graphite is soft and slippery because there are no covalent bonds between its layers of hexagonal rings, only weak __________.

intermolecular forces

Unlike diamond, graphite conducts electricity because each carbon atom has one __________ electron that can move freely.

delocalised

A single layer of graphite that is both very strong and elastic is called __________.

graphene

The first fullerene to be discovered was spherical and known as __________ ($C_{60}$).

Buckminsterfullerene

This cylindrical fullerene with a very high length-to-diameter ratio is called a carbon __________.

nanotube

Nanoparticles range in size from $1$ to __________ nanometers across and contain a few hundred atoms.

$$100$$

Fine particles ($PM_{2.5}$) have diameters between $100\text{ nm}$ and $2500\text{ nm}$, corresponding to $1 \times 10^{-7}\text{ m}$ and __________.

$$2.5 \times 10^{-6}\text{ m}$$

Coarse particles ($PM_{10}$), commonly referred to as dust, have diameters ranging between $1 \times 10^{-5}\text{ m}$ and __________.

$$2.5 \times 10^{-6}\text{ m}$$

As the side length of a cube decreases by a factor of $10$, its surface area to volume ratio increases by a factor of __________.

$$10$$

Nanoparticles are incorporated into new cosmetics like sunscreens and deodorants because they leave no __________.

white marks

One possible risk of nanoparticles is that they may cross into the __________ from the bloodstream and cause harm.

brain