APUSH - Period 3

French and Indian War

• Last in a series of wars between Britain and France over turf in North America

• In both Europe and North America

• First began in the colonies

French fortify the Ohio River Valley - French and Indian War

• Washington sent to Fort Duquesne (Pittsburgh)

• Defeated by French and Native American Allies

• War officially began: July 3rd 1754

Albany Plan of Union

• Developed by Ben Franklin and adopted by 7 of the colonies.

• Proposed an intercolonial government and a system for recruiting troops and collecting taxes.

• Introduced idea of common defense

• not adopted.

• Set precedent for future revolutionary congresses

Terms of the Treaty of Paris (1763)

• Britain got: French Canada and Spanish Florida

• To Spain: Louisiana and claims west of the Mississippi

• Britain = supreme in North America and the world

Immediate effects of the Treaty of Paris (1763)

• Britain investing more time/money into management of American Colonies

  • No more salutary neglect

• More military force necessary

• Increase colonial taxes to sustain British Empire

• Pontiacs Rebellion

• Proclamation of 1765

Pontiacs rebellion

Armed conflict between coilition of natives in Great Lakes and Ohio River valley region to resist British rule after the French and Indian War, fought between 1763-1765.

Proclamation of 1763

After Pontiac’s Rebellion, Britain preserved land for Native Americans, but colonists ignored it in favor of land grants. Britain didn’t enforce it well, and it spread resentment against Britain.

Colonial policies that led to war

• Navigation Acts

• 1764 - Sugar Act

• 1765 - Quartering Act

• 1765 - Stamp Act

• 1766 - Declaratory Act

• 1767 - Townshend Act

• Tea Act

• Intolerable Acts (Coercion Acts)

Response to British Policies

• Stamp Act Congress

• Sons and Daughters of Liberty

• Boycotts –> successful repeal of the Stamp Act

Sugar Act

Tariff and stricter enforcment of navigation acts on sugar and molasses

Quartering Act

Forced colonists to house military – British spying increased

Stamp Act

Tax on anytype of paper and it impacted everyone - stirred up the most anti-british sentiment

Declaratory acts (coerision acts)

Repeales stamp act but declared that Britain had the right to tax the colonists

Townshend Act

• New taxes on tea, glass, and paper

• Money used to pay salaries to royal officials in the colonies

• Writs of assistance

• Suspended New York’s Assembly

• Created a new Board to collect taxes and suppress smuggling

  • Boycotts on British refined goods became a symbol of American Resistance

Writs of assistance

Search of private homes for smuggled goods

Tea Act

• After British East India Company was about to go bankrupt, Britain rescued it by marketing tea to North America

  • Made massive tax exemptions

  • Enabled the company to dump low-priced tea on America, undercutting American established marchants and smugglers

• To pay the tax was to admit Britain had the right to tax

• Boston Tea Party - December 16 1773

Intolerable Acts

• Response to protests, Britain closed Boston's ports to trade until all the tea from the Boston Tea Party was paid

• Altered MA charter as it reduced town meetings and allowed the governor to appoint councilmen instead of elections

• Empowered military comanders to be in homes

• United colonies in opposition to threats to their political freedom

• Parliment passed Quebec Act as the same time

Quebec Act

• Extended Canadas border to the Ohio River Valley and allowed toleration of Roman Catholic Church

• Questions of land claims in the Ohio Valley and a conspiracy that London was trying to spread Catholicism

1st Contenential Congress

• Philadelphia

• Brought leaders from 12 colonies

• Patrick Henry “I am not a virginian, but an American” “Give me libery or give me death”

Suffolk Resolve

In Massachusetts a convention of delegates approved resolution that would urge political disobedience - Withold taxes and prepare for war

Continential Association

Called for a complete halt of trade with Britain and West Indies

Committee of Safety

• Congress authorized them to implement its mandates that were anti-businessmen who profited off of the scaricity from the boycotts

• Began process of transferring political power from Britain to non-official/legal bodies

• People who previously had no political power began discussion and excersized political power

Lexington and Concord

• British troops march from Boston to Concord to seize a stockpile of guns

  • Began the American War for Independence

• The outbreak of War

• April 1775

Battle of Bunkerhill

• Britain dislodged American Militiamen from breed’s Hill - heavy casualties

• Outbreak of War

• June 1775

2nd continential congress

• Appointed George Washington as leader of

• Benedict Arnold went to fight in Quebec

• Established Navy and Marines

• Olive Branch Petition

Olive Branch Petition

Last attempt to make peace with Britain. Instead, Britain declared them as rebels with the Prohibitory Act.

Common Sense

• Philosophical foundation of Revolution

• Pamphlet anonymously written by Thomas Paine

• Outlined thoughts against hereditary rule, monarchical government, and governance from across the sea

• With independence they could have free trade with whoever they want

• Outlines America would be an asylum for mankind

• Audience: everyone (Not just educated elites)

Declaration of Independence

• Philisophical foundation of the revolution

• July 2nd 1776

• Written by Jefferson

• Consists of grievances against England and King George

• Unalienable rights: life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness

• America could shape their future however they saw fit

  • Rights for all and democracy

American Tactics

• War of atrittion

• Guerilla fighting tactics

• Ally with an enemy of Britain (i.e. France)

Britain Tactics

• Break the colonies in half – Seperate North/south, New England

• Blockade ports to cut off supplies

• Utilize loyalists to divide and conquor

• Confidence in superiority of Britain

Northern Campaign

• 1775-76

• Ft. Ticonderoga (Ethan Allen and the Green Mountain Boys)

• Quebec Campaign (Arnold and Montgomery)

• Evacuation of Boston (March 1776)

Middle Colonies campaign

• New York City / battle of Long Island

• Capture of Philidephia

• Winter At Valley Forge

• Satatoga (Turning point)

  • France declared they would support colonists

Southern Strategy

• British concentrated on Virginia and Carolina

  • More loyalists there

• York Town

  • War is also unpopular in Britain and parliment turns to Whig party who wants to end the war

Treaty of Paris (1783)

• Britain recognizes U.S. as a nation

• Missisippi = Western Border

• U.S. fishing righst off the coats of Canada

• America pay debts to British Merchants and pay back loyalitys property

Why Britain Lost the war

• Army was too small

• Fighting with france at the same time

• War was unpopular within Britain

• Poor military generals

Why America won the war

• France came to our aid

• George Washingtons leadership

• Successful military generals

• Patriotic citizens

New State constitutions

• Bill of Rights

• Separation of Powers

• Voting - All white male property owners

• Office holding property qualifications

• Governors with limited terms

Articles of Confederation

• Drafted by John Dickinson, 1777

• Central Government = unicameral legislature

• States had equal vote

• Needed unanimous vote to amend

• Central government’s role is for matters that affect all states

Land Ordinance of 1785

First public polictu for sale of western land. Divided into townships; $640 per acre

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Established process of becoming territory, then state (establishing government). No slavery

Native Americans under American rule

• On losing side of 7 years War and American Revolution

• Huge push for western settlement

• Government policies:

  • Wars (Battle of Fallen Timbers - 1794

  • Treaties with “Foreign nations”

  • Assimilation into American culture (Embrace gender roles etc)

Financial Issues with the Articles of Confederation

• Couldn’t pay war debts

• Paper money = worthless

• No power of taxation

• States implamented tariffs to other states

Foreign Issues with the Articles of Confederation

• No international respect

• Britain and Spain tried to capitalize on weakness after war

Domestic Issues with the Articles of Confederation

• Shays Rebellion

• Couldn’t send troops

• Could only ask individuals states to do something

Shays Rebellion

• Western Massachusetts war veteran angry about taxes levied in order to pay Revolutionary War debts

• Massachusetts legislature was useless against rebellion

  • Appealed to AoC, but they couldn’t do anything either

• Wealthy merchants created militia to fight rebels

• Led to: Tax and debt relief, highlighted weakness of AoC, push for Constitution

Constitutional Convention

• 1787

• 55 white male, educated, property-owning delegates form all states came

• Pushed for after Shays Rebellion

• Predecessor:

  • Anapolis convention where only 5 states represented and promised to hold larger convention

Federalism

Idea that governmental authority rests in both the national and state government

Great Compromise

Blend of NJ and Virginia plan for representation in Congress (House vs. Senate) (proportional vote vs. 1 vote)

3/5^th compromise

3/5^ths of the enslaved population can be used toward representation count

Comercial compromise

Congress can tax only imports (protective tariffs)

Federalists beliefs

• Bill of Rights unnecessary

  • With a list of rights, the ones left off could be interpreted as unprotected

• Not concerned about power of central government

  • Checks and Balances takes care of that

• Necesary for the good of the country

Beliefs of Anti-federalists

• Bill of Rights extremely necessary

  • Without them, the government can easily infringe upon rights

• Concerned about centralized government

  • Tyranny and moarchy fears

• Not for the best of the people

Washingtons Cabinet

Jefferson (State), Hamilton (Treasury), Knox (War), Randolph (Attorney General)

Hamiltons Financial Plan

• Federal assumption of state debts

  • Compromise: Capital will be built on Potomac, and debt plan will pass)

• High tariffs to promote industry

  • Passed but lower than initially planned

• Creation of national Bank

  • Debate of “necesary and proper” clause

  • Voted into law

• Favored by Northerners/merchants; opposed by southerners/farmers

Westward expansion

• Congress encouraged settlement via Public Land Act of 1796

• New States: Vermont (1791), Kentucky (1792), Tennessee (1796)

Whiskey Rebellion

• Western PA farmers refused to pay excise tax on whiskey

• 15,000 militia men deployed

  • Collapsed without bloodshed

• Showed federal government was strong enough under constitution

  • or was it too strong?

Neutrality proclamation of 1793

• –> France

• Response to pressure to support France in Revolution

• Citizen Genêt

  • French Minister who strirred up pro-french sentiment

• Stance on neutrality by Washington

Jays Treaty

• –> England

• 1794

• Issue: Impressment of American sailors and privateers

• Only lifted some trade restrictions, British “promise” to leave western forts

• Democratic Republicans were against it – Federalists liked it

Pinckney Treaty

• –> Spain

• 1795

• Disputed territory in the Southwest

• US gets free access to lower Missisippi River and New Orleans

Washingtons Farewell Adress

• Announces his willingness to step down after two years

• Warning:

  • Don’t form permanent foreign policy alliances

  • Avoid political factionalism and sectionalism

XYZ affair

• Impressment is still an issue, now upset with France

• Delegation sent to Paris to negotiate

• Ministers “X, Y, & Z” tried to bribed American delegated, but they refused

• Caused outrage and anti-french sentiment among American people

Quasi War

• Unofficial War with France

• Congress authorized the seizure of armed French ships and declared the 2 treaties void

• Lasted 2.5 years and confined to the sea

• Tentions with france and Spain delighted British – talk of a treaty

• Pro-British Federalists were ascented while Pro-French D-R’s were disgraced

• Ended as Adams agreed to send deligates over

  • France dropped two treaties in return for money from US

Naturalization Acts

Need 14 years for citizenship

Alien Act

Deportation/detention of dangerous “aliens” in times of war

Sedition Act

Restriction of freedom of the press when citisizing the precidency/congress in times of war

Alien and Sedition acts

Passed when Federalists won big at midterms to restrict political opponents (Democratic-Republicans)

Resolution to Alien and Sedition Acts

• Dem-Rep enact nullification laws in state legislatures

• Kentucky Resolution (Jefferson), Virginia Resolution (Madison)

• Federalists lost majority in congress in 1800

• Dem-Rep allowed acts to expire or repealed them