drug power point

What are anesthetics?

Drugs that render a patient with no sensation.

What are the two types of anesthesia?

General and Local.

What is general anesthesia?

Reversible loss of sensation with unconsciousness.

What is local anesthesia?

Loss of sensation in a specific area without unconsciousness.

What is analgesia?

Decreased perception of pain without full loss of sensation.

What is a Schedule I drug?

High abuse potential, no medical use.

What is a Schedule II drug?

High abuse potential, severe dependence (e.g., morphine).

What is a Schedule III drug?

Moderate abuse potential (e.g., buprenorphine).

What is a Schedule IV drug?

Low abuse potential (e.g., diazepam).

What is a Schedule V drug?

Lowest abuse potential (e.g., Tylenol with codeine).

What does atropine do?

Blocks vagus nerve, reduces secretions, increases heart rate.

Does atropine cross the BBB?

Yes.

What is glycopyrrolate used for?

Similar to atropine but longer lasting and less tachycardia.

Does glycopyrrolate cross the placenta?

No.

What is acepromazine used for?

Tranquilization.

Does acepromazine provide analgesia?

No.

What is a major side effect of phenothiazines (ace)?

Hypotension (low blood pressure).

Name common benzodiazepines.

Diazepam, Midazolam, Zolazepam.

What do benzodiazepines reduce?

Seizure activity.

Which is less painful IM: diazepam or midazolam?

Midazolam.

What reverses benzodiazepines?

Flumazenil.

Name examples of alpha-2 agonists.

Xylazine, Dexmedetomidine, Detomidine.

What do alpha-2 agonists do?

Sedation and calming effects.

Which alpha-2 provides analgesia?

Dexmedetomidine.

What major side effect must be monitored?

Blood pressure and bradycardia.

Should anticholinergics be used with alpha-2s?

no causes severe CV strain

What reverses dexmedetomidine?

Atipamezole.

What reverses xylazine?

Yohimbine or tolazoline.

Name dissociative anesthetics.

Ketamine, Tiletamine.

What is a key feature in cats with ketamine?

Eyes remain open.

What receptor does ketamine block?

NMDA receptor. they are not good for visceral pain

What is propofol used for?

Rapid induction anesthesia.

Does propofol provide analgesia?

No.

What is etomidate best for?

Cardiac or shock patients.

What is a benefit of alfaxalone?

Minimal cardiovascular effects.

Where do opioids act?

Brain and spinal cord receptors.

Name opioid receptors.

Mu, Kappa, Sigma, Delta.

What does Mu receptor activation cause?

Analgesia and respiratory depression.

What is a partial agonist example?

Butorphanol.

What is a strong opioid (250x morphine)?

Fentanyl.

What does naloxone do?

Reverses opioids.

Side effect of hydromorphone in dogs?

Panting.

Side effect of morphine?

Vomiting and histamine release.

What enzyme do NSAIDs block?

COX (cyclooxygenase).

What does COX-1 do?

Protects stomach and kidneys.

What does COX-2 do?

Produces inflammation.

What is Rimadyl?

Carprofen.

What is Banamine?

Flunixin meglumine.

What NSAID is labeled for cats?

Meloxicam

What is DMSO used for?

Anti-inflammatory and drug carrier.

What must you wear when applying DMSO?

gloves

What is gabapentin used for?

Chronic and neuropathic pain.

What is tramadol used for?

Mild to moderate pain.

How do local anesthetics work?

Block nerve depolarization.

Order of sensation loss?

Pain → cold → warmth → touch → pressure.

Why add epinephrine?

Prolongs effect and reduces toxicity.

Name amide anesthetics.

Lidocaine, Bupivacaine, Mepivacaine.