Module 3 - Route and Forms

Pharmacognosy

• Minerals

• Animals

• Plants

• Alkaloids

basic nitrogenous substances that are soluble in alcohol and some other organic solvents but are insoluble in H2O

Alkaloids

Alkaloids are soluble and insoluble to?

Soluble = Alcohol

Insoluble = H2O

If the molecule contains O2, alkaloids exist as?

(white solid) Morphine, atropine, pilocarpine, strychnine

If there is no O2, alkaloids are?

liquid (nicotine)

Tx of an alkaloid with acid will produce?

H2O - soluble salt (morphine SO4)

Substances that precipitate alkaloids

Salts of heavy metals, iodine, tannic acid

Why is alkaloid precipitation important in drug mixtures?

To avoid incompatibilities

This can be given orally that precipitate the alkaloid thereby reduce or prevent their absorption

Tannic acid

Tannic acid can do what to alkaloid?

Precipitate = reducing/preventing absorption

What are compounds in which various sugars combine with an organic structure through an O linkage?

Glycosides

Glycosides is a neutral compound and will not form?

Salts

Glycosides is soluble in? and insoluble in?

Soluble = Alcohol

Insoluble = H2O

Examples of Glycosides

• digoxin,

• ouabain,

• strophantidin

Substance formed by polymerization of volatile oil produced by certain plants

Resin

polysaccharide secreted by certain trees

Gums

Example of Gums

• Acacia

• Tragacanth

This are useful for stabilize mixtures of other active drug in liquid dosage form

Gums

non-nitrogenous substances that produce astrigent effect

Tannis

What are the two types of oils?

Volatile and non-volatile (fixed)

Tannis produces which effect?

Astrigent effect

Oils that evaporated readily when exposed to air

Volatile

Volatile Oils example

• turpentine,

• eucalyptus,

• peppermint

Oils that are stable and will not evaporate

non - volatile(fixed)

non - volatile(fixed) oil example

• castor,

• linseed,

• cotton seed

administration of drug though the GIT

Enteral

administration of drug into the mouth cavity

oral / per orem / per os

administration of drug underneath the tongue

sublingual

into the stomach / or into the rumen

gavage / intra-gastric / intra-ruminal

into the anus or rectum

per rectum

is inserted into the left side of the animal's mouth and directed along the hard palate of the mouth to the back of the throat

Gavage needle

If the drugs is too irritating, it should be given in?

I.V.

Parenteral first rule

sterile & free from pathogens

is advantageous, if the drugs are rapidly excreted when given I.V.

IM

Rate of drug absorption from S.C. can be manipulated to some degree by application of?

heat ( rate) or cold ( rate) to the area

Factors to consider in parenteral site

• vasculation,

• techniques,

• site.

administration of drug in between the integument and GIT.

Parenteral Route

into the dermis

Intra-dermal/ID

into the subcutaneous tissue

Subcutaneous / subcut / SC / sub Q / hypodermo

into the muscle tissue

Intra - muscular / IM

into a vein

Intra - venous / IV / venoclysis

into the peritoneal cavity

Intra - peritoneal / IP

into the pleural cavity

Intra - pleural

into the thoracic cavity and punctuate the heart

Intra - thoracic / intra - cardiac

into the mammary gland

Intra - mammary

into the uterus

Intra - uterine

into the articular joint / joint capsule

Intra - articular

into the bone marrow

Intra - osseous

in between 2 adjustment vertebra ; into the epidural space

Epidural

in between 2 adjustment vertebra ; into the subarachnoid space

Intrathecal

Epidural goes through the?

between 2 adjustment vertebra ; into the epidural space

Intrathecal goes thru?

between 2 adjustment vertebra ; into the subarachnoid space

systemic absorption of drugs depends on nature of the drug, vehicle use, degree of hydration of the stratum corneum.

Topical

Topical site factors

• keratin layer,

• secretion

administration of drug on the skin and mucous membrane

Topical

on the skin or epidermis

Cutaneous / percutaneous

on the eyes

Opthalmic / subconjunctival

on the ears

Otic / auricular

on the nose

Intra - nasal

Topical route includes:

• Cutaneous / percutaneous

• Opthalmic / subconjunctival

• Otic / auricular

• Intra - nasal

Enteral route includes:

• oral / per orem / per os

• sublingual

• gavage / intra-gastric / intra-ruminal

• per rectum

drug administration that pass through the trachea and into the lungs

Inhalation route

Factors to consider in selecting route of drug Admin:

• Qualitative type of response

• Chemical properties of the drug

• Pathologic stage of the animal

are the means ( or the form ) by which drug molecules are delivered to sites of action within the body.

Dosage forms

The need for dosage forms:

1. Accurate dose.

2. Protection e.g. coated tablets, sealed ampules.

3. Protection from gastric juice.

4. Masking taste and odour.

5. Placement of drugs within body tissues.

6. Sustained release medication.

7. Controlled release medication.

8. Optimal drug action.

9. Insertion of drugs into body cavities (rectal, vaginal)

10. Use of desired vehicle for insoluble drugs.

Physical form:

◦ Solid

◦ Semi-solid

◦ Liquid

◦ Gaseous

is a hard, compressed medication in round, oval or square shape.

Tablet

Solid dosage form containing unit dose of one or more medicament.

Tablet

A coating of a tablet may be applied to:

1. hide the taste of the tablet's components.

2. make the tablet smoother and easier to swallow.

3. make it more resistant to the environment.

4. extending its shelf life.

are administered by placing them in the mouth, either under the tongue or between the gum and the cheek.

Sublingual and buccal medications

Sublingual and buccal medications are absorbed through the?

mucous membranes of the mouth, where they enter into the bloodstream

are uncoated tablets that generally contain acid substances (citric and tartaric acids) and carbonates or bicarbonates and which react rapidly in the presence of water by releasing carbon dioxide.

Effervescent tablets

Effervescent tablets contains?

acid substances (citric and tartaric acids) and carbonates or bicarbonates

Effervescent tablets react rapidly in the presence of?

water by releasing carbon dioxide

They are tablets that chewed prior to swallowing.

Chewable Tablet

They are designed for administration to children e.g. vitamin products.

Chewable Tablet

is a medication in a gelatin container.

Capsule

Capsule is a medication in a?

gelatin container

It is a solid preparation consisting of sugar and gum, the latter giving strength and cohesiveness to the _______ and facilitating slow release of the medicament

Lozenge

Lozenge is used to medicate the?

mouth and throat for the slow administration of indigestion or cough remedies.

They are solid medicated preparations designed to dissolve slowly in the mouth.

Pastilles

They are softer than lozenges and their bases are either glycerol and gelatin, or acacia and sugar.

Pastilles

Pastilles’ bases can either be?

• glycerol and gelatin,

• acacia and sugar

are oral dosage forms which consist of spherical masses prepared from one or more medicaments incorporated with inert excipients.

Pills

Pills are now?

rarely used

Drug in ______ form that is pack in sachet or container for mixture through feeds and drinking water

Powder (oral)

are clear Liquid preparations for oral use containing one or more active ingredients dissolved in a suitable vehicle.

Oral Solution

are stabilized oil-in-water dispersions, either or both phases of which may contain dissolved solids either oil is dispersed in finely divided form in water or vice versa.

Oral emulsions

Liquid preparations for oral use containing one or more active ingredients suspended in a suitable vehicle.

Oral suspension

May show a sediment which is readily dispersed on shaking to give a uniform _________ which remains sufficiently stable to enable the correct dose to be delivered.

Oral suspension

It is a concentrated aqueous solution of a sugar, usually sucrose to which medicaments are added.

Syrup

Flavored syrups are a convenient form of masking?

disagreeable tastes

Liquid Preparations includes:

• Oral Solution

• Oral Emulsion

• Oral Suspension

• Syrup

• Elixir

• Linctuses

• Oral Drops

• Gargles

• Mouthwashes

It is pleasantly flavored clear liquid oral preparation of potent or nauseous drugs

Elixir

Elixir may contain a high proportion of?

ethanol or sucrose together with antimicrobial preservatives

are viscous, liquid oral preparations that are usually prescribed for the relief of cough

Linctuses

Linctuses contain a high proportion of?

syrup and glycerol which have a demulcent effect on the membranes of the throat

Linctuses dosage

5ml to prolong the demulcent action

Linctuses should be taken ________

undiluted

are Liquid preparations for oral use that are intended to be administered in small volumes with the aid of a suitable measuring device.

Oral drops