Dr. Dolan Lecture Exam 2

Bordetella bronchiseptica

Kennel cough, Gram negative. Aerobic. Encapsulated. Non-motile. Bacillus. Oxidase+. Pathogenic. Dogs.

Candida albicans

Yeast infection, thrush. Can switch to phenotype.

Enterobius vermicularis

Human pinworm. In the small intestines.

Eterococcus faecium

Normal Flora: Gut (gastrointestinal tract)

Infections: UTI, intra-abdominal, endocarditis

Haemophilus influenzae

Meningitis, Upper respiratory infections

Streptococcus pyogenes

Penicillin prophylaxis, Scarlet fever

Vibrio vulnificus

Gram negative enteric rod-causes food poisoning and necrotizing fasciitis. Marine environments.

commercialism

symbiotic relationship in which only one partner benefits, but the other is not harmed

Syntrophy

symbiotic relationship in which microbes sharing an environment feed off substances released by other organisms

Amensalism

symbiotic relationship in which one member of the habitat produces a substance that harms or kills others

Synergism

non-symbiotic relationship in which members cooperate and share nutrients

antagonism

non-symbiotic relationship in which some members are destroyed by others

Conjugation

Horizontal Gene Transfer

Sex pilus

F factor in plasmids

Donor and recipient are alive

Bridge forms between cells to transfer DNA

Transformation

Horizontal Gene Transfer

Non-Specific acceptance of DNA fragments

Donor is usually dead

Recipient has to be "competent"

Transduction

Horizontal Gene Transfer

Donor is a lysed bacterial cell

Bacteriophage serves as DNA carrier

Live recipient of same species as donor

Griffith's Experiments

Proved that DNA released from a dead cell can be acquired by a living cell.

DNA from dead, virulent cells can be picked up by living non-virulent cells and transformed into virulent cells.

Demonstrated that DNA is the transforming factor that transmits deadly genes.

operons

The purpose of an operon is to have a simple means of expressing multiple genes at one time. Instead of one expression happening at a time multiple genes are expressed at one time.

Amphobilism

Can be catabolic or anabolic - can break down or create molecules

Envelope Viruses

Enveloped viruses are easier to destroy because the envelope is vulnerable to damage.They have spikes for attachment.

Naked Viruses

Naked viruses are composed only of nucleocapsid (nucleic acid and capsid).

Viral Life Cycle/Multiplication

Adsorption

Penetration

Duplication of phage components

Assembly of new virons

Maturation

Lysis of weakened cell

Release of virus by budding or lysis

Prions

Non-cellular infectious agents.

Do not have nucleic acid (no DNA or RNA).

Known as TSEs (transmissible spongiform encephalopathies).

Disease spreads from host to host via contaminated food or direct contact.Destroys nerve cells and glial cells; literally turns the brain to mush.

4 Major Components of Viruses

nucleic acid

capsid

envelope

matrix proteins (in some)

Inputs and Outputs in Aerobic Respiration

Glucose + O2 ----> CO2 + H2O

Group Translocation

Active Transport in bacteria.

Specific molecule is captured and altered or activated will it passes through the membrane - by coupling transport with synthesis the cell conserves energy.

Glycolysis

Inputs: Glucose, NAD, ADP,

Outputs: Pyruvate, NADH, ATP

2 ATP

Krebs Cycle

Inputs: Pyruvic Acid, Acetyl CoA, NAD, FAD

Outputs: CO2, ATP, NADH, FADH

2 ATP

Electron Transport Chain

Inputs: NADH, FADH, ADP, O2

Outputs: NAD, FAD, ATP, H2O

32 ATP

Tonicity

measure of osmotic pressure

Alcoholic Fermentation

converts pyruvic acid to ethanol

Acidic Fermentation

converts pyruvic acid to lactic acid

Mixed Acid Fermentation

converts pyruvic acid to several different acids simultaneously

Properties of Viruses

-obligate intracellular parasites

-ultra microscopic and non-cellular

-inactive outside host-basic structure consists of protein shell surrounding nucleic acid

-surface of virus has high specificity for host attachment

-multiply by taking control of host cell genetic material

-lack enzymes for metabolic processes

-lack machinery for synthesizing proteins -nucleic acid is DNA or RNA, but not both

Retrovirus

Convert their RNA to DNA in the host cell

Panda Viruses

Largest viruses

Growth Curve in Bacterial Culture

Lag Phase ---> Exponential Growth Phase ----> Stationary Phase ---> Death Phase

Enzyme Characteristics

-composed chiefly of protein

-speed up rate of cellular reactions

-provide active site for target molecules (substrates)

-much larger than substrates

-are not used up or permanently altered in reaction

-can be recycled

-function in low concentrations

-greatly affected by pH and temp

-can be regulated by feedback and genetic mechanisms

Aerobic Respiration

Final Electron Carrier: O2

Products: ATP, CO2, H2O

Pathways: Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, ETC

Anaerobic Fermentation

Final Electron Carrier: Organic Molecules

Products: ATP, CO2, Ethanol, Lactic Acid

Pathways: Glycolysis

Anaerobic Respiration

Final Electron Carrier: Various Inorganic Ions

Products: ATP, CO2, Organic Acids, H2S, CH4, N2

Pathways: Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, ETC

Transcription

synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template

Translation

Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced

Ames Test

measures the mutagenicity of chemicals by their ability to induce mutations in bacteria

DNA vs RNA replication

DNA replicates in the nucleus, RNA replicates in the cytoplasm

Lyric Phage

-infects

-reproduces

-lyses host

Temperate Phage

-lysis or lysogeny

Lysogeny

Virus DNA integrates into the host chromosome - called prophage. Prophage is bacteriophages rendition of latent chronic infection.

Host Range

the limited number of species whose cells can be infected by a particular virus.

Examples: Hepatitis B infects liver cells, Polio infects intestinal and nerve cells and rabies infects mammal cells.

Cytopathic Effects

virus-induced damage to the cell that alters its microscopic appearance.