Core 1 Changing Population — Master Flashcards

Population distribution - The spatial pattern of where people live.

Population density - The number of people per unit area, usually people per km².

World population in 1804 - About 1 billion.

World population in 1927 - About 2 billion.

World population in 1974 - About 4 billion.

World population in November 2022 - About 8 billion.

World population in 2024 - About 8.2 billion.

Projected world population peak - About 10.3 billion in the mid-2080s.

Global population growth rate - It peaked in the 1960s and has since fallen below 1% per year.

Major population concentrations - East, South and South-East Asia; Europe; north-eastern USA; coastal and river-valley regions.

Areas of sparse population - Hot deserts, high mountains, very cold regions, dense tropical forests and remote interiors.

Physical factors affecting population distribution - Relief, climate, water, fertile soils, natural hazards and access to coasts or navigable rivers.

Human factors affecting population distribution - Employment, transport, services, political stability, government investment, trade, historical settlement and migration.

Population distribution in the future - Growth will become increasingly concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa and parts of Asia, while some countries experience slow growth or decline.

Urban population growth - Caused by natural increase, migration and outward expansion of built-up areas.

Economic growth - An increase in output or income, often measured using real GDP or GNI per person.

Economic development - A broader improvement in living standards, choices and wellbeing, including health, education, security and reduced poverty.

GNI per person limitation - It is an average and hides inequality and regional differences.

Life expectancy limitation - National averages can hide differences between regions and social groups.

Education indicators limitation - Access does not necessarily mean equal quality or effective use.

Strong development evaluation - Combine several dated indicators and explain what each measure leaves out.

Hu Line - A line from Heihe to Tengchong that summarises China's east-west population divide.

China population east of Hu Line - About 94% of China's population lives east of the line on about 43% of the land.

Dense areas of China - North China Plain, Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta and Sichuan Basin.

Sparse areas of China - Tibetan Plateau, Xinjiang and parts of Inner Mongolia.

Why eastern China is densely populated - Fertile lowlands, major rivers, wetter climates, ports, infrastructure, SEZs, foreign investment and employment.

Western China exceptions - Chengdu, Chongqing and Urumqi show that western China is not empty.

China population in 2025 - About 1.405 billion.

China urban population share in 2025 - 67.9%.

Nigeria population in 2025 - About 237.5 million.

Nigeria's population pattern - Polycentric, with several different population cores.

Lagos - Nigeria's dominant south-western financial and urban core.

Kano - A major northern commercial core in Nigeria.

Abuja - Nigeria's administrative core.

Niger Delta - A resource core based on oil and gas.

Nigeria's population distribution factors - Rainfall, soils, water, trade, government functions, oil, transport and employment.

Core-periphery model - A model in which population, wealth, decision-making and investment are concentrated in important cores compared with peripheral areas.

China's main core - Eastern manufacturing and service regions.

Nigeria's core pattern - Several specialised cores including Lagos, Abuja, Kano and the Niger Delta.

China migrant workers in 2024 - About 299.73 million.

Hukou system - China's household registration system, which can restrict migrants' access to local education, healthcare, housing and social protection.

Nigeria internal migration - Includes rural-to-urban, urban-to-urban and return migration.

Crude birth rate - Live births per 1,000 people in one year.

Crude death rate - Deaths per 1,000 people in one year.

Total fertility rate - The average number of children a woman would have if current age-specific fertility rates continued.

Natural change - Births minus deaths.

Natural increase - When births exceed deaths.

Natural decrease - When deaths exceed births.

Total population change - Natural change plus net migration.

Population composition - The demographic structure of a population, including age, sex and other characteristics.

Population pyramid - A diagram showing the relative size of different age and sex cohorts.

Demographic Transition Model - A model showing broad changes in birth rates, death rates and population growth as countries develop.

Why death rates fall first in the DTM - Improved food supply, sanitation and healthcare.

Why fertility falls later in the DTM - Urbanisation, female education and employment, contraception, lower infant mortality and higher costs of children.

Population momentum - Population growth that continues after fertility falls because large cohorts reach childbearing age.

Youth dependency ratio - Population aged 0-14 ÷ population aged 15-64 × 100.

Old-age dependency ratio - Population aged 65+ ÷ population aged 15-64 × 100.

Total dependency ratio - Population aged 0-14 plus 65+ ÷ population aged 15-64 × 100.

Dependency ratio limitation - It describes age structure, not actual employment.

Nigeria age structure - 40.5% aged 0-14, 56.4% aged 15-64 and 3.1% aged 65+.

Japan age structure - 11.2% aged 0-14, 59.6% aged 15-64 and 29.3% aged 65+.

Nigeria youth dependency ratio - 71.9 per 100.

Japan youth dependency ratio - 18.8 per 100.

Nigeria old-age dependency ratio - 5.4 per 100.

Japan old-age dependency ratio - 49.2 per 100.

Nigeria total dependency ratio - 77.3 per 100.

Japan total dependency ratio - 67.9 per 100.

Nigeria youthful population challenges - Demand for schools, healthcare, nutrition, housing, water and household spending.

Nigeria youthful population opportunity - Large future workforce, consumer market and potential tax base.

Nigeria fertility rate in 2024 - About 4.4 children per woman.

Demographic dividend - A possible increase in economic growth when the working-age share rises relative to dependants.

Demographic dividend condition - It requires healthy, educated, empowered people who can find productive employment.

Japan ageing challenges - Labour shortages, pension and healthcare costs, care work and shrinking rural services.

Japan ageing opportunities - Automation, care technology, longer working lives and the silver economy.

Japan population aged 65+ in 2024 - 36.24 million, or 29.3%.

Push factor - A factor that makes an origin less attractive, such as conflict, unemployment or drought.

Pull factor - A factor that attracts migrants to a destination, such as jobs, safety or education.

Voluntary migration - Migration where people choose to move, although choices may be constrained.

Economic migration - Migration mainly undertaken to improve employment or income.

Forced migration - Migration caused by serious danger, coercion or disaster.

Refugee - A person outside their country who has international protection because of a well-founded fear of persecution or related danger.

Asylum seeker - A person who has requested protection but whose claim has not received a final decision.

Internally displaced person - Someone forced to leave their home but who remains within their own country.

Syria displacement - More than 13 million Syrians were forced from their homes during the conflict.

Main causes of Syrian displacement - Conflict, persecution, destroyed services and economic collapse.

Main neighbouring Syrian host countries - Türkiye, Lebanon, Jordan, Iraq and Egypt.

Somalia IDPs in 2025 - About 3.5 million.

Causes of displacement in Somalia - Conflict, drought, flooding and eviction from informal sites.

Somalia displacement in late 2025 - Drought caused 56% of recorded new displacements and conflict caused 41%.

Ageing population - A population with a rising median age and increasing share of older people.

South Korea fertility in 2023 - 0.72 children per woman.

South Korea fertility in 2025 - 0.80 children per woman.

South Korea population aged 65+ in 2025 - 21.2%.

South Korea projected 65+ population in 2072 - 47.7%.

South Korea births in 2025 - About 254,500.

South Korea deaths in 2025 - About 363,400.