cells and organelles definitions

Robert hooke (1665) used a ________ microscope

compound

cellulose

cell walls of cork

anton van leewenhoek

he was the first to see “living cells” under microscope

cell theory

all living things are composed of cells

cells are the basic unit of structure and function

all cells come from pre-excisting cells

pro

before

kary

nuclear

where are prokaryotic cells found

in bacteria

what are the charactoristics of prokaryotic cells

unicellular

smaller

no nucleus

no membrane bound organelles

only membrane is cell membrane

eu

true

where are eukaryotic cells found

all organisms except bacteria

protists

fungi

plants

animals

charactoristics of eukaryotic cells

single celled or multicelluar

usually 10-100x larger

has dna in nuclear membrame

many organelles surrounded by membrane

similarites between the 2 cells

dna

cytoplasm

ribosome

cell membranes

cytoskeleton

cells are made of ______

organelles

cytoplasm

structure: watery filling of cell

function:holds organelles

*many chemical reactions happen here

nucleus

contains dna

gene: segment of dna that codes for a particular trait

chromosomes: long pieces of DNA wth multiple genes

nuclear membrane

structure:a membrane that contains dna and the nucleus

function: stores DNA that codes for specific traits

nucleus

structure: small, dark and oval

function: produces ribosomes

smooth er

structure: has no ribosomes

function: detoxifacacation of the cell and produces lipids

rough ER

structure: has ribosomes

function: makes proteins that are shipped out of the cell by another organelle

ribosome

structure: tiny structures with no membrane

function: produces proteins based on the DNA instructions

mitochrondia

structure: double membranes, inner membrane folds up. has its own DNa

function: breaks glucose up using oxygen making atp be doing cell respiration

lysosomes

structure: membrane that contains enzymes

function: enzymes do hydrolysis to break down waste and digest food

cell membrane

“gate keeper”

structure: made up of phospholipids,proteins and cholestrol

function: allows materials to enter and exit the cell maintaining homeostasis

vacuole

structure:membrane that contains stored materials

function: stores food and water

large central vacuole

the vacule for plant cells

golgi body/apparatus

structure: sacs of membrane

function:package and ship out proteins made at the rough ER and take to the cell membrane

cytoskeleton

structure: tiny tubules and fibers (microtubles)

function: internal structurural support of all cells

centrioles

structure: barrel shaped organelles

function: helps to divide DNA during cell division

cilia

structure: tiny hairlike projections

function: movement of cell

plastids

structure: small seed like organelles

function: storage of starch

cell wall in plant cells

structure: cellulose layer,peptidoglycan layer( bacteria), chitin layer( fungi)

function: support and protect the cell

chloroplast

structure: double membrane contains discs stacked up

function:photosynthesis to produce sugar ( sugar)

pili

structure:small tube like extentions

function: movement

flaggelum

structure: whip like tail

function: movement

plasmid

structure:small loops of DNA

function: EXtra genetic traits

the cell membrane is also known as _________ and “_________”

plasma membrane, gatekeeper

what is the cell membrane super important for

maintaining homeostasis and is found in all cells

used to describe structure of the cell membrane

fluid mosaic model

3 basic molecules in cell membrane

1. phospholipids

2. proteins

3. chloresterol

the cell membrane is _________

selectivley permeiable

what is selectivley permeable

only specific molecules are able to pass through

what can pass through the cell membrane

small particles with no charge

what does chlorestrol do

keep the membrane from becoming too rigid or fluid

diffusion

molecules move across membrane, no energy

faciliatated diffusion

molecules move through transport proteins-no energy; used with large or charged particles

osmosis

water moves across semi-permeamable membrane

it moves from where there is less solute to more solute

active transport

molecule moves and energy is required; against concentration gradient

passive transport

movement of mollecules from whefre there are too many to where there r les; no energy requird

solute

dissolves in a solution

hypertonic

more amount of solute in a solution than in the cell

isotonic

same amount of solute in the solution as in the cell

hypotonic

less solute in solution than in the cell

where there is less molecules

against the concentration gradient

name of cells before cells become specialized

stem cells

another word for specialized

difrenciated

what type of organisms have specialized cells

multicellular eukaryotic

how cells become specialized

the stem receives a chemical signal

the dna of cells uses directions in signals to turn off or turn on specific genes

based on activated genes. the cell grows structures

the cell is now able to do its specific job

neuron cell

structure: dendrites,connect to other nerves

function: sends messages around the body

red blood cell

structure:delivers oxygen around body

function:very small, flexible, loses nucleus to increase surface area to carry oxygen

sperm cell

structure:flagellum, mitochrondia

function:swim to egg

egg cell

structure: extra large with protective outer layer

function:grows and divides to form embryo

white blood cellls

structure: produces antiobodies

function: fights decease