E&E 151 S Introductory Geology: Chapter 22 (Energy) Visualization Study

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14 Terms

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Source Rock

Sedimentary rock (such as oil shale) where organic matter initially accumulates and converts into petroleum.

<p><span>Sedimentary rock (such as oil shale) where organic matter initially accumulates and converts into petroleum.</span></p>
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Reservoir Rock

Permeable rock unit containing interconnected pore spaces where upward-migrating oil and gas gather.

<p><span>Permeable rock unit containing interconnected pore spaces where upward-migrating oil and gas gather.</span></p>
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Structural Oil Trap

Subsurface geological geometries (such as anticlines, fault blocks, or salt domes) capped by impermeable trap rock that halt upward petroleum migration.

<p><span>Subsurface geological geometries (such as anticlines, fault blocks, or salt domes) capped by impermeable trap rock that halt upward petroleum migration.</span></p>
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Oil Window

A specific subsurface depth zone (2,000 to 4,500 meters) and temperature range (50°C to 100°C) where organic matter cracks into liquid petroleum.

<p><span>A specific subsurface depth zone (2,000 to 4,500 meters) and temperature range (50°C to 100°C) where organic matter cracks into liquid petroleum.</span></p>
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Crystal Settling

An igneous differentiation process where heavy, early-crystallized metallic minerals (like chromite) sink to the floor of a cooling magma body.

<p><span>An igneous differentiation process where heavy, early-crystallized metallic minerals (like chromite) sink to the floor of a cooling magma body.</span></p>
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Hydrothermal Veins

Narrow, sheet-like tabular ore bodies formed when hot, mineral-bearing magmatic fluids precipitate metals along rock joints and fractures.

<p><span>Narrow, sheet-like tabular ore bodies formed when hot, mineral-bearing magmatic fluids precipitate metals along rock joints and fractures.</span></p>
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Disseminated Deposits (Porphyry Copper)

Ore formations where low concentrations of metallic sulfide minerals are speckled across vast volumes of rock in and around a pluton.

<p><span>Ore formations where low concentrations of metallic sulfide minerals are speckled across vast volumes of rock in and around a pluton.</span></p>
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Placer Deposits

Heavy sediment concentrations (gold, diamonds, platinum) sorted into river sandbars, stream bends, or beach zones by water motion.

<p><span>Heavy sediment concentrations (gold, diamonds, platinum) sorted into river sandbars, stream bends, or beach zones by water motion.</span></p>
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Supergene Enrichment Zone

A concentrated horizontal ore band formed near the water table where groundwater leaches metals downward and precipitates them.

<p><span>A concentrated horizontal ore band formed near the water table where groundwater leaches metals downward and precipitates them.</span></p>
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Gossan

A rust-colored, oxidized iron cap at the land surface marking the exposed, weathered edge of a buried sulfide ore deposit.

<p><span>A rust-colored, oxidized iron cap at the land surface marking the exposed, weathered edge of a buried sulfide ore deposit.</span></p>
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Strip Mining

A surface excavation layout involving long trench cuts and parallel spoil ridges to strip overburden off shallow coal or ore seams.

<p><span>A surface excavation layout involving long trench cuts and parallel spoil ridges to strip overburden off shallow coal or ore seams.</span></p>
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Open-Pit Mining

A terraced, stepped bowl excavation created to extract deep, localized ore bodies.

<p><span>A terraced, stepped bowl excavation created to extract deep, localized ore bodies.</span></p>
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Placer Mining

Surface extraction using visual sorting equipment (pans, sluice boxes, hydraulic cannons, or dredges) to separate heavy minerals from gravel.

<p><span>Surface extraction using visual sorting equipment (pans, sluice boxes, hydraulic cannons, or dredges) to separate heavy minerals from gravel.</span></p>
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Underground (Bedrock) Mining

A subsurface excavation network consisting of vertical shafts, horizontal drifts/adits, and excavated open chambers called stopes.

<p><span>A subsurface excavation network consisting of vertical shafts, horizontal drifts/adits, and excavated open chambers called stopes.</span></p>