Selected Hepatic and Urinary Disorders- Quiz 2

what does urolithiasis mean?

bladder stones

what is another name for a flatworm?

a trematode

what is the scientific name for liver flukes?

fasciola spp.

what are the definitive hosts of liver flukes?

domestic and wild ruminants

what are the intermediate hosts of liver flukes?

aquatic snails

what are the signs of liver flukes?

anorexia, weakness, anemia, colic, death

what are the lesions of liver flukes?

inflammation in peritoneal cavity with fluid, secondary bacterial infection

where do liver flukes travel to?

bile ducts

how are liver flukes diagnosed?

by identifying eggs in feces or adult flukes on necropsy

what is the treatment for liver flukes?

flukicides

how can liver flukes be prevented?

by decreasing exposure to water and water vegetation

what is another name for infectious necrotic hepatitis?

black disease

what causes black disease?

clostridium novyi

in what animals is black disease typically found?

ruminants

during what time of year is black disease most commonly seen?

milder, wetter months

what does the clostridium do to the liver?

causes necrosis

when do organisms proliferate/produce toxins in the liver?

when fluke migration creates adequate anaerobic conditions

what are the signs of black disease?

lethargy, anorexia, fever, hemorrhagic edema under skin

in what animals is hemorrhagic edema typically seen?

cattle

how long does it take for an animal with black disease to die?

less than one day

what is the lesion of black disease?

necrotic hepatitis

how is black disease diagnosed?

on necropsy and a bacterial culture of the liver

if there is time to treat, what is done for black disease?

flukicides, antibiotics, supportive care

how can black disease be prevented?

by controlling fluke infections

what are the steps of bilirubin metabolism?

breakdown of heme to biliverdin, then bilirubin, conjugation in liver, excretion through bile into duodenum

what is heme?

RBCs and hemoproteins

what are the two things that can happen to bilirubin?

it can get recycled back to the liver by the intestines or get excreted in the feces or urine

what is another name for jaundice?

icterus

what is jaundice?

yellowing of skin, mucous membranes, and sclera

what causes jaundice?

excess bilirubin

what is another name for bacillary hemoglobinuria?

red water disease

what causes red water disease?

clostridium haemolyticum

where is clostridium haemolyticum good at surviving?

standing water

what does clostridium haemolyticum do?

colonizes liver and proliferates after tissue damage

how can clostridium haemolyticum be diagnosed?

with bacterial culture of liver tissue

what is the treatment for red water disease?

there isn't any

what is the prevention for red water disease?

controlling fluke infections

what does clostridium haemolyticum do the the RBCs?

destroys them and causes vascular leakage

what does hemolysis mean?

destroying RBCs

what are the signs of red water disease?

anemia, inflammation of GI tract/kidneys, liver necrosis, weakness, dyspnea, fever, jaundice, hematuria, death in hours to days

what is dyspnea?

difficulty breathing

what is hematuria?

bloody urine

what does anemia mean?

decrease in RBC %

what causes tyzzers disease in foals?

clostridium piliforme

what are the characteristics of clostridium piliforme?

motile, spore-forming, rod shaped, obligate intracellular bacterium

how is tyzzers disease in foals contracted?

foals consume feces of dam soon after birth to establish normal intestinal flora

when are diseases in foals most common?

during spring time

why are diseases in foals most common during spring time?

increase in nutrients from pasture forages/supplemental diets

what are some predisposing factors for tyzzers disease?

stress factors, overcrowding, shipping, poor sanitation

where is the primary sight of infection for tyzzers disease?

lower GI tract

what is sepsis?

bacteria translocates into blood/lymphatics

what is the age range for tyzzers disease?

1-2 weeks old

what organ is primarily affected during tyzzers disease?

the liver

what are the signs of tyzzers disease?

necrotizing hepatitis, depression, anorexia, fever, jaundice, diarrhea, recumbency

T of F: tyzzers disease is nearly 100% fatal due to acute liver failure

true

what is the duration of illness with tyzzers disease?

hours to 2 days

T or F: older foals become more resistant to disease as gut matures with tyzzers disease

true

How is Tyzzer's disease diagnosed?

serology, PCR of feces, necropsy

what treatment can be done for tyzzers disease?

intensive intervention such as IV antibiotics, nutritional/fluid support

T or F: many adults have antibodies against C piliforme and don't develop signs

true

what is the most common urinary tract disease in small ruminants?

urinary stones

what minerals are found in the urine that then form crystals and then form into stones?

calcium, phosphorus, magnesium

what are the causes of urinary stones?

abnormal urine pH, dehydration, increased mineral concentration in feed or water

in what animals does urinary obstruction with urolithiasis happen?

males

T or F: cattle have a sigmiod flexure

true

T or F: penile sigmoid flexure and vermiform appendage are found in sheep and goats

true

what does hematuria mean?

blood in urine

what are the signs or urinary obstruction?

hematuria, straining to urinate, swelling of prepuce, signs of pain

what does stranguria mean?

straining to urinate

what does tenesmus mean?

straining to defecate

what happens when there is a urolithiasis obstruction in ruminants?

increased pressure, loss of tissue integrity leading to bladder rupture, electrolyte imbalance in blood, rectal prolapse

what can straining lead to?

a rectal prolapse

how is urolithiasis in ruminants diagnosed?

history, signs, examination, urinalysis, imaging

how is urolithiasis in ruminants treated?

correcting hydration status, decreasing inflammation in urinary tract, removing/dissolving stones, ensuring a stream of urine

how can stones be removed/dissolved?

surgery, chemically dissolving

what is conservative therapy?

medications to relax urethra/penile muscles to reduce pain/inflammation

T or F: if an animal in a population has urolithiasis, does that mean most other males do too?

yes

what is the prevention for urolithiasis in ruminants?

proper mineral ratios in diet, increase water intake, maintain acidic urine pH, later castration

why would you want to do a later castration?

more testosterone means a wider urethral diameter

what should the pH of a rumens urine be?

5.5-6.5

what should the pH of a herbivore be?

8

what does cystitis mean?

inflammation of bladder

what does pyelonephritis mean?

infection and inflammation of kidney

what is Porcine Cystitis-Pyelonephritis Complex caused by?

actinobaculum suis

what are the characteristics of actinobaculum suis?

gram pos, rod shaped bacteria, anaerobic conditions

what is a leading cause of mortality in sows?

Porcine Cystitis-Pyelonephritis Complex

what are the signs of Porcine Cystitis-Pyelonephritis Complex?

mobility issues, excessive weight gain, increased fecal contamination of perineum, reduced frequency of urination, bacterial survival in urogenital tract because of confinement

what can shift a urine pH to being more alkaline?

urease producing bacteria like actinobaculum suis

what types of crystals precipitate in alkaline urine?

struvite

what are struvite crystals made of?

magnesium ammonium phosphate

what is the pH of normal pig urine?

6

what are the affects of precipitation of urinary crystals in Porcine Cystitis-Pyelonephritis Complex?

increase inflammation in bladder, provide surface for bacterial growth/protection from antibiotics and host defense mechanisms

what are the affects of alkaline urine pH in pigs?

enhances pathogenic bacterial growth, inhibits growth of competitive normal microflora, inflames mucosal surface or urogenital tract

T or F: Porcine Cystitis-Pyelonephritis Complex has a high morbidity

false, low

T or F: Porcine Cystitis-Pyelonephritis Complex has a high mortality

true

what happens with severe cases of Porcine Cystitis-Pyelonephritis Complex?

kidneys fail to function, death

what are the signs of Porcine Cystitis-Pyelonephritis Complex?

hematuria, stranguria, foul smell to urine, increased frequency of urination, anorexia, decreased production

what does pollakiuria mean?

increased frequency or urination

what are the lesions associated with Porcine Cystitis-Pyelonephritis Complex?

inflammation in bladder, ureters, and kidneys with pus, tissue ulceration, necrosis

how is Porcine Cystitis-Pyelonephritis Complex diagnosed?

urinalysis and urine culture