Animal Lecture Notes (Beginning)

General Characteristics of an animal

Eukaryotic, multicellular, hetero by ingestion, diploid, great diversity in form and size, they behave, capable of flying, forms a bastula

Largest % of animals are found?

In shallow salt water

Animals cordinate internal and external activities using?

Nervous system and sense organs (Sensory and motor), and then endocrine system (hormones)

Animals process nutrients by?

Feeding, digestion, respiration (gas exchange), and circulation

Animals regulate their internal enviornment by?

Their variation in structure, and they need intake of oxygen and release of co2

Animals regulate their internal enviornment by?

Maintaining body temp (thermoregulation), maintaining water balance (Osmoregulation), and removing toxic subtances (Excretion)

How many known phyla is apart of the animal kingdom?

1.3 million described species, the true number is unknown

50% of animal phyla are?

worms

How many main major animal phylas are there?

9

The 9 major animal phyla make up how many animals on earth?

98.7

Relative success?

These 9 phylas are more successful than the others

Absolute species

All living animal species are successful, the most fundamental measure of success is survival. Therefore, all phyla are successful but the 9 specific phylas are MORE successful

Phylum porifea

A sponge, with a mostly marine habitat. some are freshwater

Choanocyte

A sponge cell. They’re flagellated colored cells. They create a water current in sponges

Phylum cnidaria

A jellyfish, anemone, and coral. Their habitat is mostly marine

Phylum Cnidara has two body forms and they are?

Mesdusa and Polyp

What is a medusa body form, and what is it found in?

Medusa body form means that its mobile (creates its own movements), its solitary (one individual), and has only one opening (mouth) directed down. This is found in the phylum Cnidaria, which includes corals, jellyfish, and aneome.

What is Polyp body form and where is it found?

A polyp body form is mostly sesile (slides or somersaults), either solitary or colonial, has a single opening (mouth) and is directed up.

What are cnidocytes found in phylum cnidaria?

Stinging cells. and they’re all over body, concentrated on tenticles.

Phylum Plathelminthes

Flatworms

Monoecious

Male and female gonads in Phylum Plathelminthes

Phylum Nematoda

Roundworms

Phylum Mollesca

Snails, slugs, seaslugs, clams, muscles, scallops, oysters, octopuses, squids, natuillises, cuttlefish

Phylum Mollesca Bivalves

Clams, muscles, scallops, oysters

What is a bivalve?

2 shells

Phylum Mollesca Cephlapods

Octopus, squid, natutillises, cuttlefish

what is a cephlapod?

it means head and foot. their foot evolved into arms around their head

Phylum Mollesca Gastropods

Snails, slugs, and seaslugs

What is a gastropod?

Has a stomach and foot

Organ

A collection of tissues with a specialized function

Asymmetry

not symmetrical

Radial symmetry

more than one plane of division can occur

Bilateral symmetry

only one plane of division can divide animals into mirror images

oral

side with mouth

aboral

side not containing mouth

oscula

larger pores that water flows out of from the spongocoel

ostia

smaller pores that water flows into

anterior

head side

prosterior

side opposite the head

structure

biological form of an organism

function

biological function of an organism

descriptive embryology

describes what happens

analytical embryology

describes how it happens

egg

A non-motile gamete that has lots of cytoplasm and food storage and provides one set of chromosomes.

sperm

A flagellated gamete with minimal cytoplasm and no food storage. It initiates development and provides one set of chromosomes.

acrosomal reaction

The fast block to polyspermy that causes electrochemical changes in the egg's plasma membrane.

epigenesis

The idea that the form of an animal emerges gradually from a relatively formless egg.

cortical granules

Discharged contents between the plasma and vitelline membrane.

vitelline membrane

The structure surrounding the entire egg that thickens and lifts off, forming the fertilization envelope.

fertilization

Sperm and egg nuclei fuse, resulting in a diploid zygote.