Unit 2 Test: Chapter 8, 7.1, 7.2, 5, and 6

What is the cause of viral herpes?

• human herpesvirus 1 (usually oral herpes)

• human herpesvirus 2 (usually genital and neonatal herpes)

What are the signs and symptoms of viral herpes?

• Painful, itchy lesions on lips (fever blisters or cold sores) or genitalia

• Virus remains latent and can reoccur throughout lifetime as a result of immune

suppression from stress, fever, trauma, disease, aging

How is viral herpes transmitted?

• Usually spread between mucous membranes of mouths or genitals

• Active lesions are usually the source of infection

• Virus enters through cracks or cuts in mucous membranes and replicates in nearby

epithelial cells

How is viral herpes prevented?

• Healthcare workers should wear gloves

• If symptomatic, should not be around newborns or work with patients

How is Bacterial Sinusitis (Sinus Infection) caused?

• Usually normal microbiota that accumulate in mucus

in the sinuses resulting from allergies or upper

respiratory infection

What are the signs and symptoms of Bacterial Sinusitis (Sinus Infection)?

Nasal congestion, pressure above nose or in

forehead (sinus pressure), sometimes headache or

toothache

How is Bacterial Sinusitis (Sinus Infection) transmitted?

• Usually normal microbiota that accumulate in mucus

in the sinuses resulting from allergies or upper

respiratory infection

How is Bacterial

Sinusitis (Sinus Infection) prevented?

• Medication to reduce mucus during allergies or

respiratory infection

What Is The cause of bacterial diptheria?

• Corynebacterium diphtheriae

What are the signs and symptoms of bacterial diptheria?

• Sore throat, low grade fever, cough, hoarseness

• Neck can swell -> bull neck

• Pseudomembrane forms in back of throat

• Thick, leathery structure that can block airways

• Forms as toxin kills cells in upper airway

• Complications: Death within a few days if untreated

How is bacterial diptheria transmitted?

Respiratory droplets.

How is bacterial diptheria prevented?

• Vaccination (DTaP, TDaP)

How is strep throat caused?

Streptococcus Pyogenes

What are the signs and symptoms of strep throat?

• Sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, pus-filled abscesses on

tonsils, fever, painful swallowing

• Complications: Scarlet fever/scarletina

How is strep throat transmitted?

Respiratory droplets

How is strep throat prevented?

Hand washing and avoiding infected individuals

How was Scarlet fever/Scarletina caused?

• Streptococcus pyogenes that produces an erythrogenic toxin as a

result of bacteriophage infection

what are the signs and symptoms of Scarlett fever/scarletina?

• Red, sandpaper-like rash

• Reddened tongue that resembles a strawberry surface

• Complications: arthritis, endocarditis, glomerulonephritis

What is the cause of whooping cough(pertussis)¿

• Bordetella pertussis

• Toxin increases mucus production and inhibits cili

What are the signs and symptoms of whooping cough (pertussis)¿

• Runny nose, fever, slight cough

• After 1-2 weeks: Severe cough with whooping sounds as patient tries to catch breath

between coughing attacks (lasts 2-6 weeks)

• Vomiting, diarrhea, choking, blood vessels in eyes rupture, cyanosis (blue color) due to

poor gas exchange in lungs

• Complications: Death (Mostly in infants under 4 months old), rib fractures, bleeding in

brain, pneumonia, encephalopathy

How was whooping cough (pertussis) transmitted?

Respiratory droplets

How was whooping cough (pertussis) prevented ?

• Vaccination (DTaP - children, TDaP - adults)

• 30-40% of infants contract from unvaccinated mother

What is the cause of pneumonia?

•Pneumococcal pneumonia (Streptococcus pneumoniae) = community-acquired

•Klebsiella pneumoniae = healthcare-acquired

•Mycoplasma pneumoniae = walking pneumonia

•>100 different microbes

What are the signs and symptoms of pneumonia

•Inflammation of lungs where alveoli and bronchioles fill with fluid

•Fever, bloody sputum, cough, congestion, chest pain, rapid breathing, shortness of breath

•Complications: Death (1,000,000 children under age 5 worldwide each year)

How is tuberculosis (TB) caused?

•Mycobacterium tuberculosis

•Replicates in macrophages

What are the signs and symptoms of tuberculosis (TB)?

•Cough, fever, chest pain, difficulty breathing, bloody sputum, fatigue, weight loss

•Can remain dormant for decades in macrophages and in tubercles in the lungs

•Complication: Death, especially in HIV/AIDS patients

How is tuberculosis (TB) transmitted?

Respiratory droplets

How is legionnaires disease caused?

Legionella pneumophila

What are the signs and symptoms of legionnaires disease?

•Symptoms similar to pneumonia

•Complications involve GI tract, CNS, liver, and kidneys

•Rapid decline in pulmonary function

How is legionnaires disease transmitted?

•Legionella live inside protozoa, which release the bacteria in vesicles that are inhaled

•Spread through showers, air conditioning, vaporizers, hot tubs

How is legionnaires disease prevented?

Can not be eliminated from water sources because it tolerates Heat and chlorine but reducing it’s numbers help.

How is Anthrax caused?

Bacillus anthracis

What are the symptoms and signs of Anthrax?

• Sore throat, mild fever, muscle aches, mild cough

• After several days: more severe cough, nausea, vomiting,

confusion, lethargy, shock, death

• Toxin kills human cells and cause edema

• Most patients with inhalational anthrax will die, even with

antibiotics

How is Anthrax transmitted?

• Inhalation of endospores from dirt or animal

How is Anthrax prevented?

• Vaccine selectively available

What is the cause of Common Cold?

• Over 200 viruses from at least 8 genera

• Rhinoviruses, Adenoviruses, Parainfluenza viruses, Coronaviruses

What are the signs and symptoms of the Common Cold?

• Sore throat, runny nose, sneezing, cough, congestion

• Slight fever can occur in children or if there is a secondary bacterial infection

• Complications: sinus infection, ear infection, pneumonia

How is the common cold transmitted?

• Highly infectious

• Spread through direct contact, fomites, respiratory droplets, touching eyes

How is the common cold prevented?

• Handwashing

• Disinfection of surface

What is the cause of viral influenza?

• influenza virus – Type A, B, C

• Type A viruses are typically named for surface proteins:

Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase -> H#N

What are the signs and symptoms of influenza?

• Sudden fever, sore throat, cough, congestion, headache, fatigue,

muscle pain

• Complications: Pneumonia, death (especially with Influenza Type

A)

How is influenza transmitted?

• Respiratory droplets and fomites

How is influenza prevented?

• Flu vaccination

• Tamiflu within 48 hours of symptoms or immediately after exposure

Respiratory Infections – Viral Influenza

Handwashing and disinfection of surface

What is the cause of RSV?

• Respiratory syncytial virus

What are the signs and symptoms of RSV?

• Fever, runny nose, sneezing

• Chunky, productive cough that lasts about one month

• Complications: Major cause of bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia

in children under 1 year old

How is RSV transmitted?

• Respiratory droplets and fomites

How is RSV prevented?

• No contact with infected individuals, proper handwashing

• Babies and immunocompromised are most at risk

• Vaccine in clinical trials

Antibody injections available for premature infants ($$$).

How is Hanta pulmonary syndrome caused?

• Hantavirus

What are the signs and symptoms of hanta pumonary syndrome?

• Initial: Fever, chills, muscle aches

• After 1-2 days: Dry cough, headache, shortness of breath,

nausea, vomiting

• Complications: Pulmonary edema, Death (30-40% in US

How is hanta pulmonary syndrome transmitted?

• Inhalation from rodent urine or feces

How is hanta pulmonary syndrome prevented?

• Rodent control, wear mask when cleaning in rodent-infested areas

What is the cause of leprosy?

• Mycobacterium leprae

What are the signs and symptoms of leprosy?

• Bacteria replicate in skin, mucous membranes, nerve cells

• Prefers nose, lips, earlobes, fingers, toes

• Destroys tissue, leading to loss of body structures (facial features, digits)

• Slow growth rate (incubation can be years

• Tuberculoid leprosy → Skin numbness

• Lepromatous leprosy → Skin disfigurement

How is leprosy transmitted?

• Person to person contact

• Typically after years of close contact

• Through breaks in skin or by inhalation of respiratory droplets or nasal secretion

How is leprosy prevented?

• Some prevention from Tuberculosis vaccine

• Limited contact with exposed individual

What is the cause of tetanus?

• Clostridium tetani

• Toxin produced by bacterium

What are the signs and symptoms of tetanus?

• Initially: Tightening of jaw and neck muscles (lockjaw)

• Sweating, heartbeat irregularities, drooling, constant back spasms

• Prolonged muscle contractions spread to other muscles, including diaphragm

• Complication: Respiratory failure

How is tetanus transmitted?

• Puncture wounds or skin wounds that allow endospores to access a deeper,

anaerobic environment

• Infants born to unvaccinated mothers -> umbilical cord cut with non-sterile

instrument

How is tetanus prevented?

• Vaccination with tetanus toxin

What is the cause of botulism?

• Clostridium botulinum

• Caused by toxin of bacterium

What are the signs and symptoms of botulism?

• Weakness, dizziness, blurred vision, dry mouth, constipation, nausea, vomiting,

abdominal pain

• Progressive paralysis of skeletal muscle on both sides of body

• Complication: Can lead to paralysis of diaphragm, respiratory failure

How is botulism transmitted?

• Ingestion of contaminated food (improperly canned non-acidic food, dented cans,

honey in children under age 2)

• Inhalation of endospores

• Endospores enter wound

How is botulism prevented?

• Proper canning and food storage

• Do not feed honey to children under 2

How is listeriosis caused?

• Listeria monocytogenes

• Grows within phagocytes

What are the signs and symptoms of listeriosis?

• Diarrhea, vomiting, fever

• Complications: Can cause meningitis or death of: fetus, newborns, pregnant women,

elderly, and immunocompromised patient

How is listeriosis transmitted?

• Undercooked meats (including lunch meat and hotdogs unless cooked to steaming)

and raw vegetables

• All soft cheeses

• Unpasteurized dairy products

• Pregnant woman to fetus

How is listeriosis prevented?

Avoid possible food sources of bacterium.

What is the cause of meningitis?

• 5 species cause 90% of this:

• Neisseria meningitidis

• Streptococcus pneumoniae

• Haemophilus influenza (Hib)

• Listeria monocytogenes

• Streptococcus agalactiae

What are the signs and symptoms of bacterial meningitis?

• Sudden high fever, red pin-prick rash, severe headache, neck stiffness, drowsiness, confusion, nausea, vomiting,

body aches, chills

• Increased number of WBCs in CSF

• Complications: Coma, death

How is bacterial meningitis transmitted?

• Bacteria typically spread from lungs, sinuses, or inner ear to meninges through the blood

How is bacterial meningitis prevented?

• Vaccination for N. meningitidis, S. pneumoniae, Hib

How is viral meningitis caused?

• Usually Enterovirus of family picornaviridae (coxsackie A virus, coxsackie B

virus, and echovirus)

• More common and less severe than bacterial or fungal meningitis

What are the signs and symptoms of viral meningitis?

• Sudden high fever, severe headache, neck stiffness, confusion, nausea,

vomiting

How is viral meningitis transmitted?

• Spread through fecal contamination of food, water, or hands

• Virus travels from digestive tract through blood to meninge

How is viral meningitis prevented?

• Frequent handwashing

• Avoid crowded swimming pools

How is encephalitis caused?

• Usually viral – Herpes simplex virus 1,

arboviruses (e.g. West Nile virus)

• Less commonly bacterial – Listeria

monocytogenes, Borrelia burgdorfer• Usually viral – Herpes simplex virus 1,

arboviruses (e.g. West Nile virus)

• Less commonly bacterial – Listeria

monocytogenes, Borrelia burgdorferi

What are the signs and symptoms of encephalitis?

• Inflammation of the brain

• Fever, headache, disorientation, seizures, abnormal behavior

• Meningoencephalitis = inflammation of meninges and brain

• Complications: Coma, death

What is metabolism?

All biochemical reactions that happen within an organism

What is a pathway?

A series of biochemical reactions

What is the most commonly used carbon source for organisms to make ATP

Glucose

Where does cellular respiration (Citric Acid Cycle/Krebs cycle and Electron

Transport Chain) occur in prokaryotes?

 Citric Acid Cycle/Krebs cycle: In the cytosol

 Electron Transport Chain: Across cell membrane

What is the beginning process for cellular respiration and fermentation?

Glycolysis (Glucose → 2 pyruvate)

What determines what a cell will do after glycolysis?

Presence of a final electron acceptor for the electron transport chain

How are cellular respiration and fermentation different?

 continues through citric acid cycle/Krebs cycle and

electron transport chain after glycolysis

 no final electron acceptor for electron transport chain, so

pyruvate (or another organic molecule) oxidizes NADH to regenerate NAD+;

pyruvate is converted to either an acid or alcohol with possible gas

production

How are aerobic and anaerobic respiration different?

 They differ in what is the final electron acceptor for the electron transport

chain

 Aerobic = Oxygen

 Anaerobic = Sulfur, Nitrate, or Carbonate

What is the purpose of the electron transport chain?

To use energy from electrons (from some carbon source) to create a H+

gradient that drives ATP production

What is the final electron acceptor for aerobes?

Oxygen

What can be a final electron acceptor for anaerobes?

 Nitrate (converted to Nitrite or a nitrogen gas)

 Sulfur (converted to Hydrogen sulfide gas)

 Carbonate (converted to Methane gas)

What process occurs if there is no final electron acceptor?

Fermentation: pyruvate is converted to acid or alcohol

Why would bacteria go through the pentose phosphate pathway or Entner-

Duodoroff pathway instead of glycolysis?

 Use fewer enzymes and coenzymes than glycolysis (uses less energy to create

the needed enzymes)

 Produce intermediates that can be used in anabolic pathways (such as

creating nucleotides)

What are the 2 common products of fermentation?

Lactic acid

Ethanol (alcohol)

What is forced to be the final electron acceptor in fermentation?

Usually pyruvate but can be another organic molecule

How do bacteria use proteins that are outside of the cell as an energy source?

Secrete proteases (enzymes that break down proteins) outside of

the cell and then transport the resulting amino acids into the cell

What happens to amino acids before they can be used to make ATP?

Deaminated to remove NH2 group

When will most cells catabolize proteins?

When glucose and fats are not available

What is generation time?

Amount of time for a cell to go through binary fission and create offspring (a new

generation)

What is the typical generation time for most bacterial species?

Most species is between 1 and 3 hours

What occurs in the lag phase? Why does it take a bit of time for growth to begin?

Cells are adjusting to their environment by producing proteins needed for

metabolism specific to their new living environment. Cells may also need to produce

amino acids that are not available in their environment or make membrane proteins

to transport amino acids from the environment into the cell. Cells will also need to

produce proteins needed for cell division. All of this can take some time.

What occurs in the log phase?

Cells rapidly divide

What occurs during stationary phase? Why is this phase useful in the

pharmaceutical industry?

 Growth stabilizes as number of cells dying matches number of cells dividing.

This is due to a decrease in available nutrients and waste products are

starting to accumulate. Its useful because this is when many antibiotics and other

metabolic products are made. If we have genetically engineered bacteria to

create something for us, like insulin, the stationary phase is when that

product is made in the largest amount