Inorganic and Organic Molecules

Celiac disease

an auto-immune disorder in which an individual develops an immune response to gluten where their body’s own immune system attacks and gradually damages the villi of the small intestine

4 main inorganic substances in the body

water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, salts

Inorganic substances

do not contain both carbon and hydrogen

Characteristics of water

1. The most abundant compound in living material

2. The major component of blood and other body fluids

3. Accounts for ⅔ of the weight of an adult human

4. carries nutrients and vital substances within blood 

5. the universal solvent because it is a polar molecule

6. Most metabolic reactions happen in this substance

7. can also carry heat–especially heat released from muscles

Characteristics of oxygen

1. Transported throughout the body by the blood (Erythrocytes)

2. Arteries carry oxygenated blood throughout the body to the cells

3. Needed in the process of cellular respiration to produce 36 ATP

Characteristics of carbon dioxide

1. Waste product of cellular respiration

2. Brought to lungs from the cells by veins

3. exhaled from the lungs

characteristics of salts

1. a compound composed of oppositely charged ions 

2. Abundant in the fluids in tissues

3. Provide many necessary ions for the body when they dissolve

4 main inorganic substances in the body

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Organic substances

contains both carbon and hydrogen

__________ substances usually do not dissolve in water. If they dissolve in water they do not usually release ions

Organic

Function of carbohydrates

primary source for ATP production

Composition of carbohydrates

C, H, O usually in a 1:2:1 ratio

Building blocks of carbohydrates

monosaccharides

Examples of carbohydrates

glucose, lactose, sucrose, fructose

Sugars with 6 carbon atoms are known as…

simple sugars (monosaccharides)

Examples of monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, galactose

Disaccharides

double sugars

Polysaccharides

many sugars linked together

Disaccharide examples

sucrose, lactose

Polysaccharide examples

plant starch, glycogen

Sucrose chemical formula

C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁

Saccharide means…

sugar

Lipids are…

insoluble in water

Composition of lipids

C, H, O but usually not in a 1:2:1 ratio but may also contain phosphorus

Functions of lipids

1. Provide cell structure (plasma membrane)

2. Source for ATP production

3. Stores energy

4. Helps regulate body temperature

5. Helps create hormones

Examples of lipids

Triglycerides (Fats), phospholipids, and steroids

Building blocks of fats

glycerol and fatty acids

Fats contain more ______________ than carbohydrates

energy per gram

Building blocks of phospholipids

similar to fats except one glycerol and 2 fatty acid chains

Building blocks of steroids

4 connected rings of carbon atoms

Composition of proteins

C, H, O, N, and may contain S

Functions of proteins

1. Serve as a structural material for all tissues like muscles, bones, skin, and hair. (Helps build, maintain, and repair all tissues in the body)

2. Energy source to make ATP

3. Serve as hormones and enzymes to catalyze reactions

4. Provide cell structure (plasma membrane of cells)

Building blocks of proteins

amino acids

Examples of proteins

Melanin, keratin, collagen, elastin, fibrin, hemoglobin, enzymes, antibodies

The conformation and sequence of amino acids in protein gives the protein its ______

function

What happens when a protein is denatured? What may cause a protein to become denatured?

Excessive heat, radiation, electricity, pH changes, or certain chemicals can change a protein’s shape dramatically, or denatured

Nucleic acids composition

C, H, O, N, P

Nucleic acids function

Contains your genetic information

Building blocks of nucleic acids

nucleotides

Nucleotides are composed of 3 parts:

1. 5-carbon sugar (5-C-S)

2. Phosphate group

3. Nitrogen bases (A, T, G, C)

Examples of nucleic acids

Deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic acid (RNA)