BME 267 Lab Final

What is the hardware (instrument) used in the lab?

PowerLab

What is the name of the software (app) used in lab?

Lt. System

The raw input of body signal measured by the instrument is (analog or digital) signal

analog

When we collect signals with a rate of 1000 samples per every minute, the sampling frequency is…

16.67 Hz

For a high frequency signal, we need to use high sampling frequency to collect the signal (T or F)

True

The EEG signal is from….

brain

EEG is a result of…

slow changes in cortical neuron membrane potentials

Alpha wave

volunteer is relaxed with eyes closed

beta wave

in awake, alert individuals with their eyes open

Theta wave

normal during sleep at all ages

delta wave

dominant rhythm in deep sleep

gamma wave

higher mental activity

which frequency range is unlikely to be found in an EEG signal?

120 - 200 Hz

what are the waves the are related to EEG signal

Alpha, beta, gamma, theta, delta

EEG signal’s predominant frequency varies upon subject’s brain activity (T or F)

True

Which is the component least involved in reflex action?

Brain

What is the logical description of the stages in a reflex arc

sensory neuron, spinal cord, interneuron, motor neuron, muscle

ECG (electrocardiogram) signal

1000 Hz

Respiration signal

200 Hz

Signal processing can decompose EEG into different waves (T or F)

True

Which of the following factors could decrease an individual's reaction time?

a) Distractions

b) Errors

c) Fatigue

d) Practice

d) Practice

Order of spinal cord

Top (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal) bottom

The spinal cord (along with the vertebrae) can be divided into five regions: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal. These regions can each be further divided into segments. Overall, the human spinal cord is divided into N segments, where N =

a) 28

b) 29

c) 30

d) 31

e) 32

d) 31

Adult’s voluntary reaction time is usually the range of

a) hundreds microseconds

b) < 10 ms

c) hundreds ms

d) > 1 s

c) hundreds ms

Reaction time is disturbed by audio or visual hint or noise (True or False)

True

Kneejerk reflex is (Monosynaptic or Polysynaptic)

Monosynaptic

EOG measures what

Eyes

In humans, what does the anterior placement of the two eyes on the head allow for?

a) Discrete visual fields

b) Independent control of each eye

c) It has no effect on the visual field

d) Stereovision

d) Stereovision

Electro-oculograms may be recorded because there is a natural voltage between which of the

following?

a) Cornea and retina

b) Iris and pupil

c) Optic nerve and retina

d) Retina and iris

a) Cornea and retina

When the movement of an object is too fast for the eye to follow smoothly, the eyes simultaneously

move in a rapid, jerky movement. What are these eye movements called?

a) Gaze-holding

b) Gaze-shifting

c) Saccades

d) Smooth tracking

c) Saccades

In humans, which is the region of the retina where the central part of the visual field is found and

which allows the greatest visual acuity?

a) Central ganglion cell

b) Fovea

c) Optic nerve

d) Pupil

b) Fovea

The maximum saccade can reach to an angular velocity of

f) several ^o/s (degree/second)

g) several tens ^o/s

h) several hundreds ^o/s

i) several ^o /min (degree/minutes)

j) several tens ^o/min

h) several hundreds ^o/s

Teeth clenching possibly creates artifacts in EOG measurement (True or False)

True

Peripheral vision is as accurate as the vision in the foveal region (True or False)

False

Which of the following terms is the exception?

a) Muscle cell

b) Muscle fiber

c) Myocyte

d) Myofibril

d) Myofibril

What does EMG record?

a) Contractions of the innervated muscle fibers.

b) Electrical activity of the innervated muscle fibers.

c) Electrical activity of the motor nerves supplying the muscle fibers.

b) Electrical activity of the innervated muscle fibers.

The Hand Dynamometer used in today’s experiment measures hand’s:

a) Temperature

b) Grip force

c) Finger’s pulse

d) Speed of finger crossing

e) Palms

b) Grip force

What occurs during an isotonic contraction?

a) Muscle length is unchanged

b) Muscle may either lengthen or shorten

c) Muscle only lengthens

d) Muscle only shortens

b) Muscle may either lengthen or shorten

Which of the following factors have been suggested as contributing to muscle fatigue?

a) Loss of "central drive".

b) Reduction in calcium release in excitation-contraction coupling.

c) Reduction in muscle blood flow owing to compression of blood vessels.

d) All of the above.

d) All of the above.

Nerve conduction velocity in the range of

50 mm/s

50 cm/s

5 m/s

50 m/s

500 m/s

50 m/s

Which statement regarding a surface EMG recording is true?

a) Increased amplitude of the EMG recording reflects an increase in the strength of muscle contraction.

b) It produces consistent and accurate information that can be used to diagnose disease states.

c) Surface EMG is often used to analyze the activity of individual motor units.

d) The recorded signal indicates the membrane potential of skeletal muscle fibers.

a) Increased amplitude of the EMG recording reflects an increase in the strength of muscle contraction.

Which statement regarding evoked EMG is true?

a) The amplitude of the measured EMG is independent of the number of motor units recruited.

b) There is synchronous excitation of the muscle fibers innervated by the stimulated nerve.

b) There is synchronous excitation of the muscle fibers innervated by the stimulated nerve.

In assessing the autonomic nervous system, which of the following is true for skin potentials

recorded over the palm and sole of the foot?

a) It assesses parasympathetic activity in peripheral nerves.

b) It assesses sympathetic activity in peripheral nerves.

c) It depends upon the need for the body to lose heat.

b) It assesses sympathetic activity in peripheral nerves.

In the parasympathetic system, which of the following is the preganglionic neurotransmitter?

a) It is always acetylcholine.

b) It is always norepinephrine.

c) It varies depending on the function of the nerve.

a) It is always acetylcholine.

In assessing autonomic nervous system function, which of the following is true for heart rate

variability (HRV)?

a) It's determined by both vagal and sympathetic innervation of the heart.

b) It's determined only by vagal innervation of the heart.

c) It's unaffected by respiration.

a) It's determined by both vagal and sympathetic innervation of the heart.

Measurements of HRV use pulse’s RR-interval. The present RR interval is plotted on the x-axis against the next RR interval on the y-axis. You can see examples of such plots (called Poincaré plot) on the right. Which of the following is true?

a) The greater the scatter, the greater the beat to beat variation in heart rate.

b) The greater the scatter, the smaller the beat to beat variation in heart rate.

a) The greater the scatter, the greater the beat to beat variation in heart rate.

On average, how many postganglionic neurons does a single preganglionic neuron synapse with?

a) 1

b) 2–3

c) 8–9

d) 15-16

e) 32+

c) 8–9

A person with loss of autonomic function would have greater HRV compared to a healthy person

(True or False)

False

Every organ or tissue that has a sympathetic innervation also has a parasympathetic innervation.

(True or False)

False

For normal ECG signals, which wave usually has the maximum magnitude:

a) P

b) Q

c) R

d) S

e) T

c) R

Atrioventricular (AV) valves between the atrium and ventricle on each side of the heart prevent

backflow from ventricle to atrium (True or False)

True

Valves are located between the ventricle and the artery on each side of the heart prevent backflow

of blood from the aorta and pulmonary artery into the respective ventricle. (True or False)

True

The closure of these valves is responsible for the characteristic sound (relative high or relative low

frequency) produced by the heart. (True or False)

True

For an individual with a heart rate of 70 BPM and a stroke volume of 70 mL, what is the cardio

output?

a) 1 L/min

b) 5 L/min

c) 1 mL/min

d) 5 mL/min

b) 5 L/min

The heart rate is about

a) ~ 1 Hz

b) ~ 10 Hz

c) ~ 100 Hz

d) ~ 1000 Hz

a) ~ 1 Hz

The volume of blood that the heart ejects into the circulation each minute (cardiac output, CO) is the product of the heart rate (HR; beats/min, BPM) and the stroke volume (SV; liters/beat). In humans at rest, CO = HR x SV is most likely equal to:

a) 5 liter/second

b) 500 ml/second

c) 5 liter/min

d) 500 ml/min

c) 5 liter/min

At rest, the heart rate is most affected by which of the following?

a) Circulating epinephrine

b) Parasympathetic (vagal) nervous innervation

c) Sympathetic nervous system

d) Korotkoff sounds

b) Parasympathetic (vagal) nervous innervation

During exercise, the heart rate is most affected by which of the following?

a) Decreased levels of circulating epinephrine

b) Increased parasympathetic (vagal) nervous innervation

c) Increased sympathetic nervous innervation

d) Increased respiration rate

c) Increased sympathetic nervous innervation

During exercise, cardiac output increases. Which of the factors below does not contribute to this

increase?

a) Increased heart rate.

b) Increased levels of circulating epinephrine.

c) Increased stroke volume.

d) Increased sympathetic nerve activity to the heart.

e) Vasoconstriction in the exercising muscles.

e) Vasoconstriction in the exercising muscles.

Which part of the human body has the maximum changes in organ blood flow between rest and

exercise:

a) Brain

b) Cardiac muscle

c) Skeletal muscle

d) Skin

e) Kidney

c) Skeletal muscle

Which of the following is altered the most in conditions where heart rate is increased?

a) PR interval

b) QRS interval

c) T-wave duration

d) TP interval

d) TP interval

When a person stands, two arms drop down freely, where is blood pressure the most representative for the cardiovascular system?

a) Neck

b) Forearm

c) Upper arm

d) Thigh

e) Leg

f) Ankle

c) Upper arm

In order to measure normal human being’s blood pressure, “Blood Pressure Cuff” needs to be inflated at least to a pressure level of:

a) > 60 mmHg

b) > 90 mmHg

c) > 120 mmHg

d) > 150 mmHg

e) > 180 mmHg

e) > 180 mmHg

For an individual with a heart rate of 60 BPM and a stroke volume of 75 mL, what is their CO (cardio output)?

a) 60 L/min

b) 75 L/min

c) 4.5 L/min

d) 5.5 L/min

c) 4.5 L/min

Which of the intervals in ECG would be most relevant to calculate heart rate (HR):

a) P-R interval

b) QRS duration

c) S-T interval

d) T-P interval

e) R-R interval

e) R-R interval

What is the basis for the sounds referred to as Korotkoff sounds?

a) Stopped blood flow

b) Laminar blood flow

c) Maximal blood flow

d) Turbulent blood flow

e) Backwards blood flow

d) Turbulent blood flow

The terms systole and diastole usually refer to which of the following?

a) The contraction and relaxation, respectively, of the atria

b) The contraction and relaxation, respectively, of the ventricles

c) The relaxation and contraction, respectively, of the atria

d) The relaxation and contraction, respectively, of the ventricles

e) None of the above.

b) The contraction and relaxation, respectively, of the ventricles

Which part of the vasculature would have the slowest localized flow rate through each vessel?

a) Aorta

b) Arteries

c) Capillaries

d) Veins

c) Capillaries

Normal human being’s respiration rate (cycle/min) is about:

a) 0 ~ 1 cycle/min

b) 1 ~ 10 cycle/min

c) 10 ~ 20 cycle/min

d) 50 ~ 100 cycle/min

e) > 100 cycle/min

c) 10 ~ 20 cycle/min

Alligator respiration rate (cycle/min) is about:

1 breath/min

turtle respiration rate (cycle/min) is about:

1.5 breaths/min

rabbit respiration rate (cycle/min) is about:

30-60 breaths/min

elephant respiration rate (cycle/min) is about:

4-5 breaths/min

squirrel respiration rate (cycle/min) is about:

100-125 breaths/min

mouse respiration rate (cycle/min) is about:

80-230 breaths/min

During inspiration, the diaphragm and other chest muscles ________, causing the thoracic

cavity to ________.

a) contract; compress

b) contract; expand

c) contract; relax

d) relax; contract

e) relax; expand

b) contract; expand

Inhalation (increase or decrease) heart rate

increasing

Exhalation (increase or decrease) heart rate

decreasing

Is resistance higher when flow is laminar or turbulent? ( Laminar or Turbulent )

Turbulent

Duration of inhalation and exhalation is usually different. You expect which breathing phase

you can hold longer:

a) inhalation

b) exhalation

c) equal

a) inhalation

Which statement regarding the diaphragm is false?

a) Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity.

b) Relaxation of the diaphragm causes the muscle to flatten.

c) The diaphragm is the primary muscle used in breathing.

d) The esophagus, blood vessels, and nerves all pass through a series of openings in the

diaphragm.

b) Relaxation of the diaphragm causes the muscle to flatten.

Alveoli is in the lower respiratory tracts. (True or False)

True

Lung volume (V) is calculated, V = f(Q), with a _____ function of breath airflow (Q)

a) Linear

b) Square

c) Square root

d) Integration

e) Exponential

d) Integration

Which statement is true regarding residual volume (RV)?

a) RV is a measure of the volume of gas normally exchanged with each breath.

b) RV is mostly found in the anatomical dead space.

c) RV is the volume of gas left in the respiratory system after exhaling maximally.

d) RV usually decreases in individuals with chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD).

c) RV is the volume of gas left in the respiratory system after exhaling maximally.

Some people find it more difficult to breathe in a humid environment. Which of these

statements might explain this?

a) High water vapor decreases the radius of the airway.

b) High water vapor increases the density of the air.

c) High water vapor increases the environmental temperature.

d) High water vapor decreases the resistance of the airway.

b) High water vapor increases the density of the air.

Which statement is true regarding vital capacity (VC)?

a) VC is a measure of the amount of gas that it is vital to retain in the respiratory system at

the end of expiration.

b) VC is a measure of the maximum volume of gas in the respiratory system that can be

exchanged with each breath.

c) VC is a measure of the volume of gas normally exchanged with each breath.

b) VC is a measure of the maximum volume of gas in the respiratory system that can be

exchanged with each breath.

During normal resting respiration, which of the following occur within the same breath?

a) The temperature of the exhaled gas is the same as that of the inhaled gas.

b) The volume of the exhaled gas equals that of the inhaled gas.

c) The volume of the exhaled gas exceeds that of the inhaled gas.

d) The water content of the exhaled gas is the same as that of the inhaled gas.

c) The volume of the exhaled gas exceeds that of the inhaled gas.

Vt (vital volume) is the volume inhaled and exhaled during quiet breathing, from the figure

below, Vt is presented by

a) A – B

b) B – C

c) A – C

d) A – D

e) D – E

b) B – C

What is the sampling rate in the image below?

a) 1 sample per second

b) 10 samples per second

c) 20 samples per second

d) 100 samples per second

e) 10 samples per min

b) 10 samples per second