Systems Physiology Exam 1 Flashcards

what are the main catecholamine neurotransmitters?

dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine

what are the main amino acid neurotransmitters?

GABA and glycine (inhibitory), glutamate (excitatory)

cholinergic receptors (on muscle cell)

nicotinic receptors (ionotropic) and muscarinic receptors (metabotropic)

dorsal root

sensory neurons

ventral root

motor neurons

hypothalamus hormones and functions

secretes neurohormones that stimulate or inhibit anterior pituitary gland function, synthesize 2 neurohormones that are stored and released from the posterior pituitary

anterior pituitary gland hormones and functions

ACTH, FSH, LH, GH, TSH, prolactin - actions related to metabolism, reproduction, growth, and others

posterior pituitary gland hormones and functions

oxytocin - stimulates uterine contractions during birth and milk secretion after birth

ADH/vasopressin - increases water reabsorption in the kidneys

adrenal gland (medulla) hormones and functions

epinephrine and norepinephrine - mediate fight or flight response

adrenal gland (cortex)

aldosterone - regulates sodium and potassium balance

cortisol - regulates growth, metabolism, development, immune functions, and response to stress

some weak androgens - play a role in reproduction

pancreas hormones and functions

insulin - decreases blood glucose

glucagon - increases blood glucose

parathyroid hormones and functions

parathyroid hormone - increases blood calcium levels and stimulates the production of the active form of Vitamin D in the kidneys

thyroid hormones and functions

thyroid hormone - regulates metabolic rate, growth, and differentiation

calcitonin - plays a role in calcium homeostasis

hypothalamus hypophysiotropic hormones

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), Somatostatin (SST), thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), Dopamine (DA), Coricotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

what does GnRH stimulate or inhibit?

stimulates the secretion of LH and FSH

what does GHRH stimulate or inhibit?

stimulates the secretion of GH

what does SST stimulate or inhibit

inhibits secretion of GH

what does TRH stimulate or inhibit?

stimulates the secretion of TSH

what does DA (dopamine) stimulate or inhibit?

inhibits the secretion of prolactin

what does CRH stimulate or inhibit?

stimulates the secretion of ACTH

what glands do FSH and LH target and what are their secretory products and effects?

• gonads

• germ cell development of ovum and sperm

• secretes estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone

what glands does GH target and what are their secretory products and effects?

• liver and other cells secret IGF-1

• other organs and tissues to synthesize protein, metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids

what glands does TSH target and what are their secretory products and effects?

• thyroid

• secretes T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine)

what glands does prolactin target and what are their secretory products and effects?

• breast

• breast development and milk production in women

what glands does ACTH target and what are their secretory products and effects?

• adrenal cortex

• secretes cortisol

what are the effects of hyposecretion of TH on the basal metabolic rate/temperature regulation?

decreased body temperature, cold intolerance, decreased appetite, and weight gain

what are the effects of hyposecretion on carbohydrate/lipid/protein metabolism?

elevated cholesterol/triglyceride levels in blood, edema

what are the effects of hyposecretion on the nervous system?

in infant, slowed/deficient brain development, intellectual disability, hypoactive reflexes

what are the effects of hyposecretion on the cardiovascular system

low heart rate and low blood pressure

what are the effects of hyposecretion on the skeletal system?

in child growth retardation, skeletal stunting and retention of child’s body proportions

what are the effects of hyposecretion on the GI system?

constipation

what are the effects of hyposecretion on the reproductive system?

sterility

what are the effects of hyposecretion on the integumentary system?

pale, thick skin; coarse and thick hair

what are the effects of hypersecretion on the basal metabolic rate/temperature regulation?

increased body temperature, heat intolerance, increased appetite, weight loss

what are the effects of hypersecretion on carbohydrate/lipid/protein metabolism?

weight loss, loss of muscle mass

what are the effects of hypersecretion on the nervous system?

irritability, restlessness, insomnia

what are the effects of hypersecretion on the cardiovascular system?

rapid heart rate, palpitations, high blood pressure

what are the effects of hypersecretion on the skeletal system?

in child excessive skeletal growth initially, followed by early epiphyseal closure and short stature

what are the effects of hypersecretion on the GI system?

diarrhea

what are the effects of hypersecretion on the reproductive system?

depressed ovarian function

what are the effects of hypersecretion on the integumentary system?

thin, flushed skin and fine and soft hair

what are the metabolic effects of GH?

carbs - increase in blood sugar, increase in gluconeogenesis in the liver

fats - catabolism of fats

proteins - synthesis (especially in) muscle, increase of amino acid uptake into muscle

what does hypersecretion of GH cause in children

gigantism, can reach heights of 8 feet

what does hypersecretion of GH cause in adults

acromegaly - in their 40s, overgrowth of hands, feet, and face

what does hyposecretion of GH cause in children

pituitary dwarfism - may reach a heigh of only 4 feet, normal body proportion

what does hyposecretion of GH cause in adults

usually causes no problems

what are the metabolic effects of coritsol?

carbs - homeostasis of blood pressure, blood glucose, and immune system

fats - catabolism of fat tissues

proteins - catabolism of protein, increase of amino acid uptake into liver which increases gluconeogenesis

what are the metabolic effects of insulin?

carbs - decrease blood sugar, increase uptake of glucose into fat and muscle cells

fats - synthesis

proteins - synthesis

what are the three ways insulin lowers blood glucose levels?

1. enhances membrane transport of glucose into fat and muscle cells

2. inhibits the breakdown of glycogen into glucose

3. inhibits the conversion of amino acids or fats into glucose