AP world Unit 3 and 4 review

made with homework and class presentatinons

where is gunpowder from?

The Ottomans, Safavids, Mughals and Qing

How did gunpowder effect the empires that adopted it?

all empires that adopted it came out on top

Why was the Ottoman Empires significance at the time?

most significant islamic empire during its time

When was the Ottoman Empire founded?

After the fall of the Mongol rule

Where was the Ottoman located?

Southeastern Europe, Western Asia (the Middle East), and North Africa, centered around modern-day Turkey (Anatolia) - they also conquered Constantinople, which was one of their biggest achievements

Devshirme

The system the Ottomans used to recruit for their military and government.

Requirements = Christian village families were required to give up one young boy to the officials; boys were taken to the officials to learn Turkish and convert to Islam

Where was the Safavid Empire located?

Eastern and southern parts of the Anatolian Peninsula

What religion was the Safavid empire?

Islamic

what did the Safavid empire being Shia Muslim lead to?

A religious rivalry with the Ottoman empire since they were Sunni Muslim

what did the Mughal Empire do to the Delhi Sultanate

replaced it

Akbar

A Emperor that tolorated all religions

Safavid-Mughal conflict

A series of wars between the Mughal and Safavid empire over modern-day Afghanistan

When did the Ming Dynasty rise?

After the Mongol rule in china

What did the Ming dynasty establish

peace and order through East Asia

When did the Ming Dynasty collapse

due to external wars and internal conflicts, it fractured in the 15th century

When did the Qing Dynasty rise?

right after Ming

What principles did the Qing have?

Confucian

How did the Qing govern?

Chinese bureaucratic techniques to govern and Reinforced traditional Chinese gender roles

Whats the first way empires showed Legitimizing Power?

creating large bureaucracies

Whats the 2nd way empires showed Legitimizing Power?

expanding militaries

Whats the 3rd way empires showed Legitimizing Power?

Art/ architecture

What type of tech did the Europeans adopt?

Europeans adopted maritime technologies that gave them more power

Magnetic compass

Came from China, helped sailors gave accurate directions

Astrolabe

Enabled ships to determine latitude and longitude by measuring stars, developed by either Arabs or Greeks

Lateen sail

Developed by Arab merchants, allowed for more precise sailing

Astronomical charts

Diagrams of stars and constellations to help sailors know exactly where they are, made by Muslims

How were people exposed to tech?

through trade

What were the Dutch and British East India Companies?

Super powerful private trading corporations that acted like mini governments

Why were the Dutch and British East India Companies so powerful?

The European government granted them a monopoly (exclusive control over trade in Asia) along with legal authority to start their own armies, forts, make treaties and govern their conquered territories

What drove the initial rise and demand for labor in the Atlantic slave trade?

the rapid expansion of sugar plantations which required lots of lard labor

Why did Europeans turn to enslaved Africans rather than indigenous populations for plantation labor?

Indigenous populations were killed off by European diseases, leaving a severe labor shortage.

what made the Atlantic slave trade different from other forms of slavery in history?

because millions of Africans were enslaved, and their forced labor helped plantations in the Americas make money.

Why did the Atlantic slave trade cause a severe gender imbalance in West Africa?

European traders predominantly captured and imported men for physically demanding plantation labor causing a imbalance of men and women

What social effects resulted from the gender imbalance caused by the Atlantic slave trade?

caused mixed marriages

How did the scale of the Atlantic slave trade compare to the Indian Ocean slave trade?

The Atlantic slave trade was significantly larger in the total volume of enslaved people enslaved

How did the Atlantic slave trade affect Africa?

Lowered the population so while everyone else grew rapidly, africa shrunk

How did the Atlantic slave trade affect legal aspects?

People used the legal system to unfairly take away others’ freedom and enslave them

How did the african slave trade affect women?

women were required to work more due to males being shipped off

What role did the Europeans play in the Atlantic slave trade?

Europeans where the ones who wanted the slaves, Europeans had goods Africans wanted so the Africans bought these in exchange for slaves and The more Europe colonized, the bigger the slave trade grew

What was the Columbian Exchange?

Defined as the transfer of new diseases, plants, animals, and food between the Eastern and Western hemisphere

In what ways did the Columbian Exchange of disease affect people?

Brought over malaria,smallpox and measles, most europeans alr had immunity to these diseases since they had been living with them for years but not so much so for people in the new world

How did the transfer of plants/ food in the Atlantic Slave trade affect people?

Europe brought wheat, grapes, bananas, sugar and olives, it diversified the Americans food so it gave them a longer life span

New world brought Maize and Potatoes, and had similar effects on the Europeans

How did the transfer of animals in the Atlantic Slave trade affect people?

Europe brought domesticated animals like Pigs, sheep, and cattle, but most importantly the horse

Why were horses so important in the Atlantic slave trade?

The horse helped indigenous people hunt buffalo more effectively leading them to feed their population more

Who dominated the indian ocean trade?

Europe, but land routes were still mainly controlled by Asia like the Silk Road

Who increased in profit form the indian ocean slave trade?

They increased profit for not only European merchants, but also merchants from other empires 

What were the Economic foundations of the Mexico/ Peru empires?

Commercial agriculture and gold/ silver mining - Native people were forced to serve this labor

What were the Economic foundations of the Spanish: Encomienda/ Repartimiento empires?

Encomienda: Divided indigenous Americans amongst the Spanish. Americans were forced to provide labor in exchange for food protection

• Had nothing to do with land ownership and everything to do with controlling the indigenous population

Repartimiento: Came after encomienda, was known as the Mita system in the Inca empire

What were the Economic foundations of the Americas?

(Based off of Europe): Agriculture and mining

Jizya

a special tax on non-muslims under Islamic rule

Where was sugar from?

Indigenous to Southern China and Papua New Guinea but grown in India and Egypt

What did the atlantic empire grow on?

sugar plantations (this caused a demand for slaves)

when were cattle and horses brought in trade?

early 1600’s

What was the first pandemic?

Smallpoxs in British North Amarica

What food raised population?

White Potatoes and Corn

Janissaries

elite ottoman soldiers trained to serve the sultan

Soft Gold

Valuable animal furs, russians traded it for money

Treaty of Nerchinsk

agreement between china and russia that established borders and helped maintain peace and trade

Espanol + Mestiza=?

Castiza

what happened to the social hiyarce when mixed race occured?

social hiyarce was based off of how white you were (Peninsulares were at the top because they were fully European and born in Spain, while full Native Americans and Africans were at the bottom)

What were Peninsulares?

Europeans born in Spain who lived in the Americas

What were Criollos?

Europeans born in the Americas

What were Mestizos?

People of mixed European and Native American ancestry. (Largest group)

What were Mulattoes?

People of mixed European and African ancestry.

Put all six social classes in order

• Peninsulares

• Criollos

• Mestizos

• Mulattoes

• Indigenous peoples

• Africans

Where did the Spanish/Protragess colonize?

the americas and established plantations

where did Spain focused on sailing?

west across the Atlantic ocean

where Portugal focused on sailing?

east around Africa to reach the Indian ocean

how did people view Tribute, taxes, and unpaid labor?

it was normalized

why did the Portuguese/ Spanish believe they could spread there faith?

Believed they had a “Christian responsibility” to spread the faith

Mercantilism

A system of trade routes imposed by a mother country over its colonies, Mother profits most who gets the best goods from colonies, Daughter exists for benefit of mother