health assessment exam 3

What is hypoxemia

Abnormally low oxygen in the blood

What are crackles, wheezes, and stridor

Crackles: popping sounds; wheezes: musical sounds from narrowed airways; stridor: harsh sound from upper-airway narrowing

What are the three normal breath sounds and their locations

Bronchial: over trachea; bronchovesicular: near major bronchi; vesicular: over most peripheral lung fields

What is the difference between tachypnea and bradypnea

Tachypnea is abnormally fast breathing; bradypnea is abnormally slow breathing.

What are retractions and nasal flaring

Signs of increased work of breathing that may indicate respiratory distress

What is pneumothorax

Air in the pleural space that can cause lung collapse

What is atelectasis

Collapse or incomplete expansion of lung tissue

What is orthopnea

Difficulty breathing when lying flat, relieved by sitting upright

What is the correct abdominal assessment order

Inspection, auscultation, percussion, palpation.

Why do nurses auscultate the abdomen before percussion and palpation?

Touching or tapping can alter bowel sounds.

What are the six Fs of abdominal distention

Fat, fluid, flatus, feces, fetus, and fatal growth (tumor)

What does Murphy's sign suggest

Pain with inspiratory arrest during RUQ palpation; may indicate gallbladder inflammation

What does rebound tenderness suggest

Pain when pressure is released; may indicate peritoneal irritation.

What does costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness suggest

Possible kidney inflammation or infection

What are hypoactive and hyperactive bowel sounds

Hypoactive: decreased sounds; hyperactive: increased or frequent sounds

What is the difference between tympany and dullness

Tympany is drumlike, usually over gas; dullness occurs over solid organs, masses, or fluid.

Which organs are primarily in the RUQ?

Liver, gallbladder, duodenum, and head of pancreas

Which organs are primarily in the LUQ

Stomach, spleen, and much of the pancreas

Which organs are primarily in the RLQ

Cecum, appendix, and parts of the small intestine

Which organs are primarily in the LLQ

Descending and sigmoid colon and parts of the small intestine.

What is hematemesis

Vomiting blood

dysphagia

Difficulty swallowing.

hepatomegaly?

enlargment of liver

What causes heart sounds S1 and S2?

S1: mitral and tricuspid valve closure; S2: aortic and pulmonic valve closure

What is the sequence of cardiac electrical conduction

SA node → AV node → Bundle of His → bundle branches → Purkinje fibers.

What happens during systole and diastole?

Systole: ventricles contract and eject blood; diastole: the heart relaxes and fills.

Where are the four heart valves best auscultated?

Aortic: 2nd right intercostal space; pulmonic: 2nd left; tricuspid: lower left sternal border; mitral: 5th left intercostal space at midclavicular line.

What is cardiac output?

The amount of blood pumped by one ventricle per minute

What is a murmur versus a bruit

Murmur: turbulent blood flow heard over the heart; bruit: turbulent blood flow heard over an artery.

What is orthostatic hypotension

A drop in blood pressure on standing that may cause dizziness

What are modifiable versus nonmodifiable cardiovascular risk factors

Modifiable: smoking, inactivity, diet, hypertension, cholesterol; nonmodifiable: age and family history

What is the difference between arteries and veins

Arteries carry blood away from the heart; veins carry blood toward it.

What is atherosclerosis

Plaque buildup inside arterial walls.

How do arterial and venous disease commonly differ

Arterial disease: reduced blood flow, cool skin, weak pulses; venous disease: pooling, edema, and stasis changes

What is claudication

Muscle pain during activity from inadequate blood flow, usually relieved by rest.

What is DVT, and why is it dangerous

A clot in a deep vein that can travel to the lungs and cause a potentially fatal pulmonary embolism.

How is peripheral pulse strength graded?

0: absent; 1+: weak; 2+: expected; 3+: bounding.

What is lymphedema?

Swelling caused by impaired lymph drainage.

What does capillary refill assess?

How quickly color returns after pressure is released from a nail bed.

What does the lymphatic system do?

Returns excess tissue fluid to circulation and supports immune defense.

What does tachycardia mean?

An abnormally fast heart rate.

What do the word parts cardi/o, pneum/o, gastr/o, and hepat/o mean

Cardi/o: heart; pneum/o: air or lung; gastr/o: stomach; hepat/o: liver.