Tech and Civ Exam 2

Oracle Bones

Early Chinese writing used for communication with gods and predicting the future.

Confucianism

Philosophy emphasizing fair leadership, obedience to the head of the household, and the belief in the goodness of people through education.

Bureaucracy

Hierarchical meritocracy in Imperial China, where educated leaders were chosen based on merit rather than lineage.

Information Technology

Technology that unifies people and enables governments to maintain power, such as the Persian Roads, Postal system, and Chinese Census.

Beacon Towers

Towers used to pass messages of nomadic invaders approaching Imperial China's territories.

Compass

Invented in China, used in geomancy and later by Chinese sailors for navigation.

Gunpowder

Invented in China, initially for life-extending elixirs but later used in warfare, weakening castles and leading to the fall of feudalism in Europe.

Woodblock Printing

Invented during the Tang Dynasty, precursor to movable type printing, disseminated knowledge and enabled the spread of religion and paper money.

Paper

Invented during the Han Dynasty, provided an inexpensive and portable writing surface, enabled civil service exams, paper money, and widespread dissemination of information.

Paper Money

Adopted in the 900s, streamlining trade and commerce by standardizing IOUs and facilitating trust.

Census

Information technology enabling effective governance, oldest census in Han Dynasty, facilitated by mass production of paper.

Civil Service Exam

Exam determining eligibility to become a highly respected civil servant, replacing aristocrats with educated bureaucrats.

Zheng He

Chinese explorer who gave gifts to islands surrounding China, promoting peace and diplomacy.

Ibn Battuta

Traveler who journeyed to Mecca and across various regions.

Mansa Musa

King of the Mali Empire, the wealthiest man of his time, spread Arabesque artistic styles and Muslim values through his hajj to Mecca.

Ghana Empire

Empire protecting trade routes, precursor to the Mali Empire, providing protection to salt and gold traders.

Mali Empire

One of the wealthiest empires, heavily involved in the Cross Saharan Desert Trade, influenced by Mansa Musa's hajj.

Camel Saddle

Important technology enabling cross Saharan desert trade by allowing traders to ride camels and transport goods.

Caravan Trade

Method of transporting goods using multiple loaded camels, facilitating large-scale trade.

Silk Road

Interconnected network of trading towns from Rome to China, facilitating the exchange of goods, ideas, and religion.

Oasis Town

Stopover and trading towns along the Silk Road, providing resupply and water to travelers.

Turfan

Oasis Town built into rock, using qanats for irrigation and showcasing religious syncretism.

Syncretism

Cultural blending resulting from interactions between different cultures, seen along the Silk Road and other trade networks.

Swahili

Language derived from Arabic and Bantu, serving as a lingua franca in Eastern Africa due to trade.

Diplomacy

Official recognition of another state's sovereignty, used to exert power without military conflict.

Tribute

Gift-giving system to show respect, make peace, and demonstrate loyalty to a leader or nation.

Gift-Giving

Practice of giving gifts to promote peace and goodwill among individuals and communities.

Diaspora

Groups of people from other countries settling in new places and spreading their culture along trade networks.

Indian Mounds

Large mounds built by Native American civilizations for spiritual purposes.

Milpas Farming

Simultaneous cultivation of maize, beans, and squash, creating a symbiotic relationship between the crops.

Inca Empire

Successors to the Caral Supe civilization, adept at adopting and adapting technologies, utilizing a large military, infrastructure, and the Mit'a system of labor tribute.

Quipu

Incan technology for recording information on colored, beaded strings.

Prescribed Burning

Native American practice of altering the landscape through controlled fires for their needs.

Terrace Farming

Planting different crops at different heights, creating microenvironments for each plant.

Fish Weirs

Nets set to catch fish during high tides or in temporary ponds, an early form of preservation.

Battle of Cajamarca

Battle between the Inca and a small Spanish force, resulting in the abduction of the Incan ruler due to disease and political unrest.

Arabia

Region in the Middle East known for technological innovation, trade, and the birthplace of Islam.

Mecca

Caravan town with important religious sites, where Mohammed began his call to Islam.

Madrasa

Islamic places of study housing a wealth of knowledge, including Greek and Hellenistic subjects.

Iwan

Islamic architectural feature symbolizing refuge or the gateway to refuge.

Qanat

System used in oasis towns to retrieve water from the ground, enabling their existence and supporting trade.

Hajj

Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, bringing cultural exchange between regions.

Asbad

Persian windmills used for powering houses and aiding in the processing of goods.

Translation Movement

The collective effort in the Islamic world to translate knowledge from other civilizations into Arabic, promoting learning and innovation.

House of Wisdom

An important center for scholarship and research in the Islamic world, where astronomy and mathematics flourished.

Nurj Hospital

An early hospital in Damascus that collected and utilized knowledge from different societies, conducting research on different treatments.

Materia Medica

Early pharmacies located alongside hospitals, cataloging the medicinal properties of plants and recording how to prepare remedies.

Bimaristan

Islamic hospitals that combined treatment and research.

Salerno Medical School

A medical school in the Islamic Empire where researchers conducted research and learned to become licensed physicians.

Holistic Medicine

Treating not just the illness but also the lifestyle affected by negative factors, requiring changes in lifestyle for effective treatment.

Humoralism

An ancient health theory that believed health came from balance between the four bodily fluids called humors.

Acupuncture

An ancient Chinese form of medicine that manipulated the flow of qi along meridians using needles.

Bloodletting

A practice used to purge the body of bad humors and toxins, sometimes using enemas.

Hippocratic Oath

An early physicians' oath that prohibited harm to patients, exploitation, and sharing of private patient information.

Public Health

The government's interest in protecting the health of the entire public, especially during plagues and epidemics.

Cordon Sanitaire

A line surrounding an area infected by a disease to prevent people from leaving and spreading the disease.

Black Death

A plague that hit Europe in the 14th century, causing massive population loss and leading to changes in public health practices.

Miasma

The noxious or "bad" air that ancient theories of health were based on, later disproven.

Quarantine

The isolation of individuals suspected of being infected with a disease to prevent its spread.

Lazaretto

"Pest houses" where quarantined individuals would spend their isolation period.

Bills of Mortality

Records created after the Black Death to understand the impact of plagues on society and aid in government responses.

Manorialism

The economic system of feudalism where lords controlled and profited from land worked by peasants.

Feudalism

A hierarchical system where kings granted land to lords in exchange for loyalty, who in turn had peasants working the land.

Gothic

An architectural style of medieval cathedrals characterized by cross-shaped structures with high-reaching ceilings.

Crusades

Papal wars between European Christians and Muslims over control of the holy land, leading to tech transfer and cultural exchange.