Everything so far

Who was the working memory model developed by?

Baddeley and Hitch (1974)

How does the Working Memory Model differ from the Multi-Store Model?

• The STM is no longer passive instead it is an active ‘working’ part of the memory

• STM doesnt just code scoustucally

• STM isnt a unitary store but is made up of many parts, each with a specalist intent

Think of the Working Memory Model diagram (cause i cant type it so it will be a picture)

:)

Name the different parts of the Working Memory Model and their subparts

• Central executive

• Phonological loop (articulartory control system and phonological store)

• Eposodic buffer

• Visuo-spatial sketchpad

• Long term knowledge (Language, Episodic LTM, Visual semantics)

What is the central executive:

• It controls attension, filters stimuli and coordinates the actions of other slave systems

• It can breifly store information

• It has limited capacity

• It is modality free

What is the phonological store

Contains two subsystems:

• Articulatory control system:

• rehearses inforamation subvocally

• Duration of 2 seconds

• System we use to mentally rehearse

• Phonological store:

• Uses a sound based code

• Duration of 2 seconds (unless rehearsed by ACS)

What is the Visuo-spetial sketchpad

• Stores and manipulates visual information

• subdivided → visual cache ( store visual information)

Inner scribe ( records the arrangement of objects in the visual field)

What is the episodic buffer

• Intergrates all other inforamtion from other subsystems into one starnd and a single memory

• Provides a bridge between working memory and LTM

• Tempory store

• Limited capacity

• Time stamps memories

Short term memory / working memory definion

Memory for immediate events

Long term memory definision

Memory for events that have happned in the past

Encoding

The way in which information is represented in the memory eg acoustically, visually or semantically (meaning)

The multi store model of memory

information → SENOSORY REGISTER → SHORT TERM MEMORY → (maintenance) → ← retrival - rehearsal → LONG TERM MEMORY

STM capacity, duration and encoding

Capacity: 7+- 2 items

Duration: 20sec

Coding: aucostically

LTM capacity, duration and encoding

Capacity: unlimited

Duration: a lifetime

Coding: semantically

What is the multi store of memory catagorised as?

A linear flow of informtion through a system

What sensory stores are there

Iconic register, echoic register, haptic register

How does the iconic register process information

Visually

Memory retrival definition

Accessing and retrieving stored information

How does the echoic register process information

sounds

How does the haptic register process information

touch

Evaluation of the Multi-Store Model

Pros:

• neuroimaging studies show that the STM and LTM are in different regions

• H.M case study

• K.F case study

• The serial position effect

Cons:

• Seperate stores is over simplified

• More than one STM store

• Elaborate mental rehersal

• more than one LTM store

• Research is carried out on meaningless tasks (ungenralisable)

How does the ‘serial posistion effect’ show support for MSM

It shows that the STM and the LTM are two differenct stores

The serial position effect research by Glanzer snd Cuntiz. Method (with both conditions)? Findings and why?

Method:

• 15 words are shown for 5 seconds each

• Write these down after seeing all of the words

• First condition: write down immediatly

• Second condition: write down after 30 seconds while counting down from 100 in 3s

Findings:

• The primary effect occured in both conditions → could transfer STM to the LTM through rehearsal

• The recency effect only occured in the first condition → the words remained in their STM through maintancr rehearsal

What is the primary effect

Words were reclled from the start of the list

What is the regency effect

Words recalled at the emd of the list

Who looks at STM and LTM memory capacity

Diget span technique (Jacob) and the Span of memory and chunking (Miller)

Who looks at STM and LTM memory encoding

Memory ecoding (Baddely)

Who looks at STM and LTM memory duration

Duration of STM (Peterson + peterson) and Duration of LTM (Bahrick et al)

Digit span technique (Jacobs): method, findings and evaulation

Method:

• sequence of numbers from 0 to 9

• P must immediatally recall these numbers

• Start at 4 and then sequence gets longer when the answers are correct

Findings:

Mean span was 7.3

Evaluation:

Pro: Is avlid as it has been replicated

Con: Lacks termperol validty and some Ps may have been distracted

Span of memory and chunking (Miller): method, findings and evaulation

Method:

• Made observations of everyday life

• eg 7 days in a week, 7 deadly sins ect

Findings:

Span of LTM is 7+-2 items

Evaluation:

pro: Introduces chunking

Con: May have overstamated STM ability

Memory encoding (Baddely): method, findings and evaulation

Method:

• Group of students recalled words in four groups: acousictally similar and not, semantically similar and not

• Asked to recall immediatley

• Or asked to recall after 20mins

Findings:

Information is coded acoustically is STM and sematically in LTM

Evaluations:

Pros; Clear difference between two memory stores and general idea has temperal validity

Con: Artificial stimuli

Duration of STM (Peterson +Peterson): method, findings and evaulation

Method:

• 24 students in 8 trails each

• P was given a consant syllable

• Had to count down from a 3 diget number (no mental rehersal)

• Had to recall it after: 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 seconds

Findings:

After 3 seconds recall was 80% and after 18 seconds recall was 3%

Evaluation:

Pro: High internal validity

Con: Results may be due to the interference from countring backwards rather than decay

Duration of LTM (Bahrick et al): method, findings and evaulation

Method:

• Studied 392 Americans between 17 and 74 years old

• Recall was tested using yearbooks

• Free recall: recalling names

• Photo recognition

Findings:

• Within 15 years of graduation 90% were accurate in photo recgonition and 60% in free recall

• Within 48 years of graduation 70% were accurate in photo recgonition and 30% in free recall

Evaluation:

Pros: High external validity

Cons: High extraneous variables

Who was the memory case study about?

Henry Molaison (H.M)

What happened to H.M

When he was 27 he underwent brain surgery to prevent his epilepsy were his hippocampus was removed. This prevented hime from forming any long term memories.

How does the H.M case study support the MSM?

His STM was intact as he could add information to the store if rehersed but he couldnt tranfer any into LTM - shows that the STM and the LTM are different stores

Why must we be careful when using the H.M case study to evaulate the MSM

• He has suffered trauma to the brain → so we cannot explain how the brain operates withoit brain trauma

• Only one case study on one personn → not generlisable